Published as: Fish Colonization of an Artificial Reef in the Gulf of Eilat, Northern Red Sea. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: n/a | Method: An artificial reef structure was placed 300m offshore at a depth of 22–24 m, at a distance of 20–50m from an existing, severely damaged natural reef. The artificial reef consisted of seven metal structures: a circular bellows; a cylinder shaped heat exchanger unit, two metal construction beams, and four amphibian vehicles. Fish communities were surveyed for 2 years. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: The colonization of fishes was initially rapid and a total of 94 species was recorded. In the first seven months, a gradual increase in the number of species was observed, after which it leveled off. | Lessons reported: The low complexity of the major components of the artificial reef, in addition to its location on a muddy, silty substrate, resulted in a constant cover of fine grain particles which presumably discouraged settlement of invertebrates and small cryptic fish species on the artificial reef. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Rehabilitation of Damaged Reefs: Outcome of the Use of Recently Broken Coral Fragments and Healed Coral Fragments of Pocilloporid Corals on Rocky Boulders. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: Direct transplantation of corals of opportunity onto boulders | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 65.595% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival, growth and attachment of corals, in challenging environmental conditions (high sedimentation and algae cover). Recently broken fragments attached and grew faster much faster than fragments which had already healed. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: The effect of transplantation on reproduction in clonal ramets of Goniopora columna on Singapore's coral reefs. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Land reclamation | Genera: Goniopora | Method: Ramets of the coral Goniopora columna were excised from five large colonies and transplanted within the same site and depth (2.3 m); to a more disturbed site closer to the mainland at a similar depth (2.2 m); and to greater depth at both sites (8.9 m and 7.6 m, respectively). Ramets were left for one year, then harvested before the predicted spawning periods. Fecundity (average number of oocytes polyp!1), reproductive effort (average oocyte diameter), and polyp tissue diameter were compared amo… | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Transplantation of ramets within site and to the same depth had no significant effect on reproductive effort, fecundity or polyp tissue diameter. Clonal fragments transplanted to the more disturbed site had significantly fewer oocytes, smaller oocytes and smaller polyps after one year suggesting that energy was diverted away from normal functions in response to stressors in the new environment. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: An Evaluation of Coral Reef Restoration Methods & Artificial Reefs. | Genera: not reported | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Intraspecific Variation in Phenotype among Nursery-Reared Staghorn Coral Acropora Cervicornis (Lamarck, 1816) | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Testing growth, survival and bleaching resistance between 10 different genotypes of A.cervicornis. 12 fragments per genotype (n=120 toal) grown in tree nurseries | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 48.3333% | Post-restoration monitoring: 13 months | Authors' conclusion: Differences in growth and bleaching susceptibility between genotypes | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Effects of pile size of artificial reefs on the standing stocks of fishes. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: n/a | Method: Underwater investigations were conducted at three established AR habitats. All artificial habitats were established by reef units of 2-m3 hollow concrete cubes with holes in them. These ARs were mostly situated on extensive areas of sandy sea floor at 20–30m depth. At each site, various arrangements of reef units were available. Fish communities were surveyed with timed dives (40 min). | Authors' conclusion: Resident fish species tended to increase until the pile reached a size of 20–30 reef units. Thereafter, the increase in biomass slowed, and maximum biomass would eventually be reached only with a further increase in the pile size. | Lessons reported: Predictions of the efficiency of unit reefs for different pile sizes indicate that a pile consisting of 4–10 units of this type of reef would be most effective in terms of biomass of residents. Nevertheless, a size of 15 units is recommended when the behaviour of visiting fish species is taken into account. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Assessment of Wild and Restored Staghorn Coral Acropora Cervicornis across Three Reef Zones in the Cayman Islands. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Evaluating transplant survival on three reef zones, compared to natural (control) corals. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 85% | Post-restoration monitoring: 2.8 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival, growth and colony breakage differed between reef zones. Intermediate zone appears most suitable for transplantation in Caymans Is. | Lessons reported: Survival highest at intermediate site, which is most similar to nursery depth, suggests that coral fragments have higher chance of survival when transplanted to sites similar to nursery/source depth | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Coral recruitment onto an experimental pulverized fuel ash-concrete artificial reef | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Land reclamation | Genera: Oulastrea, Culicia | Method: An experimental artificial reef was used to document natural coral recruitment onto a stabilised pulverised fuel ash (PFA)–concrete artificial reef.The blocks were deployed in a random fashion from a barge within the gazetted site, in a pyramid shape. Additionally, 176 test blocks made from four cement/PFA (pulverised fuel ash) mixes were placed to determine seasonal patterns of coral recruitment. Cumulative coral recruitment onto the artificial reef was studied over a period of two years. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Two species of coral recruited to the blocks. O. crispata settled predominantly on the undersides of the reef blocks, and C. japonica had a preference for exposed surfaces. O. crispata did not show a preference for block composition whereas C. japonica favoured blocks with high (75% by volume) PFA levels. | Lessons reported: This shows that PFA–concrete is a potential substratum for artificial reef construction, especially when such reefs aim at rehabilitating corals. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Elaborating an Eco-Engineering Approach for Stock Enhanced Sexually Derived Coral Colonies. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Stylophora | Method: Testing different methods of growing corals in situ from sexually-derived coral larvae. Larvae were collected during spawning, encouraged to settle on plastic film, and housed ex situ for 1-2 months. Settlers were then placed on plastic pins, and transferred to mid-water nurseries. Trays were covered with mesh cages for 9 months. Two orientations (horizontal/vertical) and nursery substrates (fishing net/ropes) were tested, although this experiment was not fully factorial (no horizontal position… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 45.06% | Post-restoration monitoring: 22.6 months | Authors' conclusion: 80% of corals can survive until two years, when reared ex situ for 1-2 months, and then housed in in-situ mid-water nurseries. (Note: mismatch between reported % survival and figure. Survival % reported here derived from figure 5) | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Threatened coral recovery and restoration in Florida and the U.S. Virgin Islands | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Short‐term goals included growing at least 12,000 colonies in nursery and outplanting at least 5,000 of those nursery‐grown colonies to 34 degraded reef sites. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 95% | Post-restoration monitoring: 3 months | Authors' conclusion: Successful nursery and outplanting program | Lessons reported: It is imperative to spread risk as much as possible at every scale. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Low-Tech Rehabilitation of Degraded Coral Reefs through Transplantation of Staghorn Corals | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Staghorn corals were transplanted to investigate the effects of the following three factors: i) Attachment: Unattached corals were compared to corals tied together on strings. ii) Density: Corals were placed either densely with a cover of 30-40% or sparsely with a cover of 10-15%. iii) Site: The corals were transplanted to two sites (E and P) with different substrate and exposure to waves. The corals were transplanted to 32 plots in a fully orthogonal design, with 8 combinations of levels (two … | Post-restoration monitoring: 23 months | Authors' conclusion: After 23 months, the cover of the transplanted corals had increased by 51%, and other benthic species recruited. Coral cover increased more in the sparse treatment (per unit of transplanted coral), probably due to the lesser degree of competition between adjacent colonies | Lessons reported: The method of tying corals together with strings before placement on the seabed was effective and could be applied for rehabilitation of degraded coral reefs that are moderately exposed to water movements. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Testing the first phase of the 'gardening concept' as an applicable tool in restoring denuded reefs in Tanzania. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora, Millepora, Pocillopora, Porites | Method: Two mid-water nurseries were established, each holding 10,000 fragments, at 4m depth. Each nursery comprised six species, each of which was represented by three genotypes. During 9 months, survivorship and growth rates of fragments were compared between the different nurseries, species and genotypes. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 90.7333% | Post-restoration monitoring: 9 months | Authors' conclusion: A significant difference between species survival and growth rates was observed in acroporid species, in Pocillopora verrucosa and Millepora sp., which showed better success than Porites cylindrica. In both sites, Millepora suffered no mortality and other species exhibited low mortality, during the first two nursery months. Coral species in Zanzibar nursery performed better in growth rates than those in Mafia, but in both sites, farmed corals were ready for transplantation just 9 months after the nursery was set up. | Lessons reported: Economic evaluations involved in the overall nursery set-up and the results indicated that the coral gardening approach could be used in Tanzania to generate large quantities of coral colonies for the restoration of damaged reefs at relatively low cost. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: The feasibility of transplanting black coral (Order Antipatharia) | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Antipathes | Method: Forty black coral fragments were transplanted in five locations across Hawaii, and growth and survival measured | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 45% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: The mean height of all surviving fragments was 5.1 cm approximately 24 months after the initial survey. The mortality observed in this study was in the form of missing fragments. | Lessons reported: The microhabitat chosen for transplantation is critical. Further experiments are recommended to test for a minimum size required to transplant while minimizing the impact on the donor colonies. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Early successional patterns of invertebrates in artificial reefs established at clear and silty areas in Bolinao, Pangasinan, Northern Philippines | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: n/a | Method: Colonization and recruitment of invertebrates were studied in 32 tent-like concrete blocks used as artificial reefs in silty and in clear reef areas in Pangasinan, northern Philippines. Abundance, species richness and composition were compared between differently oriented surfaces on the blocks. | Post-restoration monitoring: 7 months | Authors' conclusion: Around 13 taxa of invertebrates were observed as early recruits on the patch reefs in the Clear site, and 11 taxa for the Silty site. In the Clear site, the total number of taxa of sessile and mobile organisms present on the AR blocks exhibited a generally increasing trend 4 months after deployment. Colonial ascidians were particularly dominant during the first 4 months. Cirripeds and anthozoans were observed only after 7 months. Benthic communities showed a distinct pattern with regards to their position within the blocks (whether inside, outside and/or sides). | Lessons reported: Block orientation and water clarity influence the development of benthic communities on artificial reefs | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Fish assemblage on natural versus vertical artificial reefs: the rehabilitation perspective. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: n/a | Method: The fish assemblage (abundance, species richness, species composition) established around the oil jetties of Eilat (northern Red Sea, Israel) was compared to those found in three adjacent natural reef habitats: two in a nature reserve (one shallow and one deep) and a third deep site located near the city. | Authors' conclusion: Both species richness and abundance were significantly higher around the vertical structures of the jetty's pillars than at all three natural sites, with the lowest values at the site closest to the city. The higher species richness at the jetties may be explained by (1) the vertical relief and high complexity of the jetty which offers a variety of niches for both shallow and deep coral reef species, and (2) by the reduction in available niches at the natural sites as a result of coral destruction due to anthropogenic activity. | Lessons reported: Vertical structures are more attractive to fish settlement and recruitment than moderately sloped bottoms. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Preservation of rare coral species by transplantation and examination of their recruitment and growth | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Pavona, Montipora, Leptoseris | Method: Three rare coral species were transplanted from a degraded harbor into areas unaffected by pollution. Each new habitat had three sites located at three depths (1.5 m, 4m, and 10m). Three transplant methods were used, fully grown coral heads of different sizes, broken shards, or branches scattered in large numbers, and coral nubbins attached to terracotta bricks. Growth and survival were recorded over a 12 month period. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 32.2411% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival rates were highly variable. The deepest sites had the least mortality for both habitats. Survival at the shallowest sites, which had the greatest mortality, was affected by wave action and light intensity. | Lessons reported: Transplanting heads, regardless of size, was a better method than transplanting nubbins or shards. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Effectiveness of coral relocation as a mitigation strategy in Kāne‘ohe Bay, Hawai‘i. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Dredging | Genera: Porites, Montipora | Method: Removal of coral from a navigation channel and relocation to a similar nearby dredged site occurred in 2005. Coral recovery at the donor site and changes in fish populations at the receiving site were tracked periodically over the following decade. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 90% | Post-restoration monitoring: 132 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral regrowth at the donor site was rapid until a recent bleaching event reduced coral cover by more than half. The transplant of mature colonies increased spatial complexity at the receiving site, immediately increasing fish biomass, abundance, and species that was maintained throughout subsequent surveys. | Lessons reported: Corals transplanted into wave-protected areas with similar conditions as the original site can have high survival rates. Data on long-term monitoring of coral transplants in diverse environments is central in developing management and mitigation strategies. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Long-term effects of induced mineral accretion on growth, survival and corallite properties of Porites cylindrica Dana. | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Genera: Porites | Method: Branches of Porites cylindrica were reared under the presence of mineral accretion (treated nubbins), without mineral accretion (untreated), and under undisturbed (control) conditions for 6 months (mineral accretion phase). The electricity for the treated nubbins was cut off after the sixth month, and all remaining nubbins were allowed to grow for another 6 months (post mineral accretion phase). Each treatment had three replicates resulting in a total of nine experimental grids. The replicate g… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 91.6667% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Growth enhancement occurred only during the early stages of the mineral accretion phase. There were also significant differences in girth growth between phases and between treatments as well as a significant phase by treatment interaction again indicating that significant differences between treatments occurred only during a certain phase. The treated nubbins survived better than the untreated nubbins. The corals in all treatments showed the same trend in corallite size and density after 1 year. Enhancement of growth took place only during active mineral accretion, though there were positive,… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Growth of Acropora pulchra. II. Responses of natural and transplanted colonies to temperature and day length | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: Acropora | Method: The growth of both undisturbed colonies and transplants of Acropora pulchra was monitored in relation to environmental factors. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 50% | Post-restoration monitoring: 17 months | Authors' conclusion: Both temperature and day length negatively with the growth and branching of the undisturbed corals and, to a lesser extent, growth of the transplants. Temperature, in addition, appeared to affect mortality of the transplants significantly. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Growth of Acropora pulchra. III. Preliminary observations on the effects of transplantation and sediment on the growth and survival of transplants. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: Acropora | Method: The growth of both undisturbed colonies and transplants of Acropora pulchra was monitored in relation to environmental factors. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 50% | Post-restoration monitoring: 17 months | Authors' conclusion: Transplantation and sedimentation tended to retard growth. Growth and survival of the transplants may have been further inhibited by transplantation during the warmer times of the year, and by setting them in prone positions on tires. Effects of relocation at varying distances from source colonies appeared to be negligible. | Lessons reported: Time of transplantation and water quality of the receiving environment are important. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: The effect of coral restoration on Caribbean reef fish communities | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Surveys of fish, environmental conditions, benthic seafloor characteristics, and rugosity were conducted on outplanted plots and control plots without outplants. | Post-restoration monitoring: 7 months | Authors' conclusion: Outplanting A. cervicornis increased rugosity as well as the benthic coral cover. Outplanting was a main predictor of increased fish densities and diversity in this study, with fish responding quickly to the added rugosity and increase in A. cervicornis benthic cover. | Lessons reported: These results demonstrate the early stages of fish colonization after outplanting A. cervicornis, providing insight into how restoration can cause rapid change in fish abundance, richness, and community composition. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: A cost-effective approach to enhance scleractinian diversity on artificial shorelines. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Podabacia, Merulina, Echinopora, Hydnophora, Pocillopora, Platygyra | Method: Coral colonies collected and fragmented from nearby site. Placed on table nurseries for up to 9 months. Fragments were then transplanted onto granite seawall. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 89.7% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival in both nurseries (98.5%) and transplants (89.7%). All fragments increased in growth, except for M. ampliata species. Coral cover on the site increased from 3% to 20.5% in 6 months. | Lessons reported: Nursery was located in a high sediment environment, and high survival of these species indicates they are robust to high sediment loads during propagation. Drupella snails were disproportionately attacking P. damicornis transplants. (Note: Photos show cable ties digging in to fragments in nurseries. Account for growth in attachment methods, so as not to limit fragment growth.) | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Reef restoration using seawater electrolysis in Jamaica | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: n/a | Method: Electrodes were connected to corals transplanted onto artificial reef structures. | Authors' conclusion: In almost all cases transplanted corals healed quickly and were cemented within weeks. Transplanted corals grew skeletons at rates comparable to the highest values measured in the field, even though all sites had suboptimal water quality. | Lessons reported: Electrical currents help transplanted corals grow in sub-optimal conditions. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Evolution of a semi-artificial reef built by transplanting coral heads | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Psammocora, Stylophora, Acropora, Montipora, Pavona, Leptoseris, Fungia, Porites, Goniopora, Alveopora, Favia, Favites, Goniastrea, Platygyra, Leptastrea, Cyphastrea, Echinopora, Echinophyllia, Myced… | Method: Eleven coral heads were translocated to a bare sandy area to test effectiveness of artificial reef development. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 64% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival and colonization rates led to a developing benthic community, 150 fishes belonging to 35 species were counted after 1 year. | Lessons reported: Preliminary ageing of new material is necessary to encourage colonization | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Comparison of three types of adhesives in attaching coral transplants to clam shell substrates | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora, Montipora, Pocillopora, Seriatopora, Stylophora, Porites, Hydnophora, Pavona, Heliopora | Method: Nubbins from 12 coral species were transplanted onto dead giant clam shells at three sites in a lagoon near Bolinao, north-western Philippines. Transplants were attached using three types of adhesives: cyanoacrylate glue (SG), epoxy putty (EP) and marine epoxy (ME) and were monitored over five months for detachment, in situ mortality and natural self-attachment by tissue growth. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 76.75% | Post-restoration monitoring: 5 months | Authors' conclusion: There were no among-adhesives differences in in situ mortality. Porites cylindrica, Pavona frondifera, Heliopora coerulea and Porites rus had the highest survivorship and displayed the highest cumulative rates of self-attachment. Species with the lowest survival rates included Acropora muricata and four pocilloporids. | Lessons reported: Results from this study highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate means of attaching corals to substrates and carefully considering species-specific traits of candidate corals for transplantation. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Multivariate responses of the coral reef fish community to artificial structures and coral transplants | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora | Method: The effects of artificial structures and coral transplants on fish abundance, number of species, and community composition were examined during a two-year study at three locations. Three experimental treatments (10 x 10 m rubble plots (a.) left untreated, (b.) covered with concrete structures, and (c.) covered with a combination of structures and coral fragments) were monitored using monthly underwater visual censuses. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: At the site with the lowest coral cover and structural complexity in the ambient reef, fish community responses were most marked, with an 8-fold increase in fish abundance in the Structures + Corals treatment compared to the untreated rubble plot. At the other two sites, abundance and number of species in the experimental treatments did not surpass that of the natural plots. | Lessons reported: Reef context is important in the selection of appropriate restoration measures. Results may differ depending on condition of the ambient reef. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Multivariate responses of the coral reef fish community to artificial structures and coral transplants | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora | Method: The effects of artificial structures and coral transplants on fish abundance, number of species, and community composition were examined during a two-year study at three locations. Three experimental treatments (10 x 10 m rubble plots (a.) left untreated, (b.) covered with concrete structures, and (c.) covered with a combination of structures and coral fragments) were monitored using monthly underwater visual censuses. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: At the site with the lowest coral cover and structural complexity in the ambient reef, fish community responses were most marked, with an 8-fold increase in fish abundance in the Structures + Corals treatment compared to the untreated rubble plot. At the other two sites, abundance and number of species in the experimental treatments did not surpass that of the natural plots. | Lessons reported: Reef context is important in the selection of appropriate restoration measures. Results may differ depending on condition of the ambient reef. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Reef restoration using seawater electrolysis in Jamaica | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: Acropora, Porites | Method: Electrodes were connected to corals transplanted onto artificial reef structures. Artificial reefs of varying sizes placed in a variety of locations. | Authors' conclusion: A highly diverse coral reef community established itself on the mineral accretion structures. A large variety of adult and juvenile fish have been permanent or temporary residents. | Lessons reported: The geometry of the structure appears to strongly affect the type of species recruited. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Reef restoration using seawater electrolysis in Jamaica | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: n/a | Method: Electrodes were connected to corals transplanted onto artificial reef structures. Artificial reefs of varying sizes placed in a variety of locations. | Authors' conclusion: A highly diverse coral reef community established itself on the mineral accretion structures. A large variety of adult and juvenile fish have been permanent or temporary residents. | Lessons reported: The geometry of the structure appears to strongly affect the type of species recruited. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Reef restoration using seawater electrolysis in Jamaica | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: n/a | Method: Electrodes were connected to corals transplanted onto artificial reef structures. | Authors' conclusion: In almost all cases transplanted corals healed quickly and were cemented within weeks. Transplanted corals grew skeletons at rates comparable to the highest values measured in the field, even though all sites had suboptimal water quality. | Lessons reported: Electrical currents help transplanted corals grow in sub-optimal conditions. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Coral recruitment and community development: the Broward County artificial reef compared to adjacent hard bottom areas, five years post-deployment | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: UNCLEAR TYPOGRAPHY | Method: Recruitment and subsequent development of coral communities on an artificial reef are compared to adjacent natural hardbottom in Broward County, Florida, USA. Abundance, diversity and size class distribution were monitored over time. | Post-restoration monitoring: 60 months | Authors' conclusion: Scleractinian and octocoral abundance, diversity and average size on the artificial reef was nearly equal to those on the natural nearshore hardbottom five years post-deployment. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Bomb-cratered coral reefs in Puerto Rico, the untold story about a novel habitat: from reef destruction to community-based ecological rehabilitation | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: Military bombing | Genera: Acropora | Method: Comparison of benthic communities on 35-50 year-old bomb-cratered coral reefs with adjacent non-impacted sites; 2) coral recruit density and fish community structure within and outside craters; and 3) early effects of a rehabilitation effort using low-tech coral farming. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 83.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Outplanted colonies showed outstanding survival and growth rates and contributed to coral cover. | Lessons reported: Low-tech, community based approaches to culture, harvest and transplant A. cervicornis into formerly bombarded grounds proved highly successful in fomenting increasing benthic spatial heterogeneity, while fostering meaningful community-based participation. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: The decline and restoration of Acropora cervicornis in Montego Bay: Exploring the anthozoics and anthozoculture of A. cervicornis. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Different genets of A. cervicornis were cultured in nurseries and outplanted to reef sites of different depths and habitat characteristics. | Post-restoration monitoring: 11 months | Authors' conclusion: The amount of coral initially harvested from the wild reef for 65 fragments at 5 cm each, some 325 linear centimetres, with nursery growth yielded some 4277.5 centimetres for planting. After 11 months 1521.15cm remained, a net increase of 1196cm or 4.7-fold from the initial wild harvest. The strengths and weaknesses between the genets in the nurseries were not particularly prevalent on the planted reef, though trends occurred towards better performance in the stronger genets. | Lessons reported: The importance of adaptive management and site choice. Planting in areas of urchin and fish grazing provides greater success, but ultimately many of the deleterious issues (algal competition, sedimentation, disease and predation) protected for in the nursery are still an issue on the wild reef. Heritable resistances to stress does not extend to predation or disease. Restoration programmes must in… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: The effect of different electrode voltages on transplanted coral growth rates and mineral accretions. | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Genera: Acropora | Method: Transplanted corals were treated with 6 volts and 12 volts and compared with natural colonies nearby. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 89% | Post-restoration monitoring: 3 months | Authors' conclusion: Mineral accretion was highest for the 12 volt treatment. | Lessons reported: Electrical current can enhance coral survival and growth. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Coral relocation: A mitigation tool for dredging works in Jamaica | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Dredging | Genera: Agaricia, Porites, Siderastrea, Acropora, Madracis, Eusmilia, Diploria, Meandrina, Stephanocoenia, Montastrea | Method: Large-scale translocation project to preserve benthic communities during the development of the Falmouth Cruise Ship Terminal in Trelawny, Jamaica. 147,947 organisms (8,975 soft coral; 137,789 hard coral; and 1,183 sponges) were successfully relocated, as well as 2,807 sea urchins, numerous sea cucumbers, hermit crabs, conchs, sea stars and lobsters. Time series photographs of sample colonies were taken. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 86% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: 86% of the colonies relocated in 2009 were accounted for in 2011. Partial colony mortality and the occurrence of disease increased with each sampling event (from 38% to 43%). By 2011, cases of total colony mortality accounted for 4% of the monitored colonies. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Transplanting a coral reef: A Singapore community project | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Land reclamation | Genera: n/a | Method: Description of relocation of corals in an area to be damaged by land reclamation, involving volunteers. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 69% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Colonies only survived if they were firmly wedged in crevices. One site was downstream of the construction site, and despite general survival of sediment-tolerant corals, sedimentation prevented further settlement. | Lessons reported: Successful involvement of volunteers | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Coral seeding as a technology for recovering degraded coral reefs in the Philippines | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: Pocillopora damicornis planulae were seeded in the laboratory and onto the reef for a comparison of survival rates. Laboratory-reared planulae were then transplanted onto the reef to study size-related mortality. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 2.9% | Post-restoration monitoring: 4 months | Authors' conclusion: Laboratory-reared planulae survived much better than those seeded onto the reefs; of the latter, none remained after 3 weeks. Larger transplants fared best when outplanting laboratory-reared corals onto the reef. | Lessons reported: It's worth rearing corals in the laboratory to a certain size before outplanting. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Development of benthic and fish assemblages on artificial reef materials compared to adjacent natural reef assemblages in Miami-Dade County, Florida. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Construction | Genera: Not reported | Method: A long-term monitoring program was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of different artificial reef materials as mitigation for natural reef impacts. Benthic and fish assemblages on the modules, boulders, and two adjacent natural reefs were monitored and compared. | Post-restoration monitoring: 60 months | Authors' conclusion: The natural reef areas showed stable fish and benthic populations throughout the survey period. During the first 4 yrs, the benthic assemblages on the artificial reefs changed significantly, with increasing density and diversity, and increasing similarity to the natural reef areas. After 5 yrs, the the benthic assemblages on the artificial reef materials appear to be stabilizing. In contrast, fish assemblages differed significantly between the two different artificial reef materials as well as between the artificial and natural reefs. | Lessons reported: Differences in the physical characteristics between artificial and natural reef materials (i.e., shape, relief, cryptic space, etc.) have and will continue to affect the extent to which the reefs can become similar. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Coral transplantation effects on fish and benthic community structure at a naturally damaged coral reef | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: Bleaching | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora | Method: The project aimed to restore the structural complexity of an 1998-El Nino damaged coral reef with bleaching-resistant species resembling the natural coral community of the Seychelles’ inner granitic islands. The experimental design included a control healthy (H) site, a control degraded (D) and the transplanted site (T). The H site was included to quantify differences in reef fish and benthic community structures between D and T sites and how they compare to a reference healthy coral reef. | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: The H site was included to quantify differences in reef fish and benthic community structures between D and T sites and how they compare to a reference healthy coral reef. Preliminary data analysis revealed that coral cover, coral and fish diversity and abundance were highest at H site and lowest at D site. The T site values were located between the H site and the D site. | Lessons reported: Not reported in the abstract | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Genet and reef position effects in out-planting of nursery-grown Acropora cervicornis (Scleractinia:Acroporidae) in Montego Bay, Jamaica | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Sixty-five corals were out-planted to reef sites of similar depth and condition to their respective nurseries and monitored photographically for 11 months through 2007 and 2008, to compare for genetic and environmental differences. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 38.8% | Post-restoration monitoring: 11 months | Authors' conclusion: A period of rapid death was seen in the out-planted material at both sites over the first four months, followed by a period of relative stability or recuperation. Returns were noted particularly in the faster-growing genets of the nursery and larger planted corals tended to retain more material at eleven months. | Lessons reported: Propagative restoration programmes should invest in stronger genets and larger corals. Adaptive management and maintenance gardening of the planted material and reef would likely have greatly improved outcomes. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: A potential method for improving coral self-attachment | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Hydnophora | Method: Tested whether fragments of the scleractinian coral Hydnophora rigida, artificially attached upside-down, would self-attach more rapidly to the substratum than those artificially attached the right way up, which is the normal practice. We also tested the effect of three different diets (unfed, normal Artemia, and lipid-enriched Artemia) on coral growth and other biological responses. | Post-restoration monitoring: 3.3 months | Authors' conclusion: After 100 days, corals fixed upside-down grew significantly wider and faster over the substratum than corals fixed the right way up. A significantly higher number of fragments fixed upside-down were also able to self-attach and grow over the substratum (87%) compared with fragments fixed the right way up (58%). Neither the buoyant weight, height increment, symbiont density, chlorophyll, maximum quantum yield nor color of corals fixed upside-down differed significantly from corals fixed the right way up. | Lessons reported: Inverting the orientation of coral fragments may substantially accelerate the time for self-attachment and increase the survival rate of translocated corals in restoration projects. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Hope for coral reef rehabilitation: massive synchronous spawning by outplanted corals in Okinawa, Japan | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Nursery-reared corals outplanted on the periphery of existing colonies | Authors' conclusion: Large-scale synchronous spawning of outplanted corals. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Restoration of critically endangered elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) populations using larvae reared from wild-caught gametes | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Tested whether the effectiveness of restoration efforts for Acropora palmata could be improved by shortening ex situ grow-out periods to two weeks before outplanting settlers on the reef and determined whether post-settlement survival, colony growth and cost-effectiveness was significantly different from those of recruits reared in land-based nurseries over a 2.5 year period. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 1.95% | Post-restoration monitoring: 31 months | Authors' conclusion: After 2.5 years, the survival rate of A. palmata settlers outplanted two weeks after settlement was 6.8 times higher (3.4%) than that of settlers kept in a land-based nursery (0.5%). Furthermore, 32% of the substrate units on the reef still harbored one or more well developed recruit compared to 3% for substrate units kept in the nursery. In addition to increasing survival, outplanting A. palmata settlers shortly after settlement reduced the costs to produce at least one 2.5-year-old A. palmata individual from $325 to $13 USD. | Lessons reported: This study highlights the first successful long-term rearing of this critically endangered coral species, and shows that early outplanting of sexually reared coral settlers can be more cost-effective than the traditional approach of nursery rearing for restoration efforts aimed at rehabilitating coral populations. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Land-based coral nurseries: A valuable tool for production and transplantation of Acropora cervicornis | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Comparison of fragments reared in in-situ and ex-situ nurseries. Survival and growth are compared in several experiments during the nursery and outplanting stages. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 90.12% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival was lower in the land-based nursery, largely due to a mechanical failure. Linear extension was lower in the land-based nursery until nursery conditions were optimized, then linear extension in the land based nursery exceeded the offshore nursery. There were no significant differences in survival or growth of fragments outplanted from a land-based nursery and an offshore nursery. Survival ranged from 85% to 100% after six months, and survival ranged from 70% to 89% after one year and the passing of two tropical storms. Small (5 cm) transplants did not have significantly lower survivor… | Lessons reported: A. cervicornis can be successfully grown in a land-based nursery, and linear extension and fragment production can be higher than in offshore nurseries if environmental conditions are maintained within optimum ranges. This experiment highlights some of the conditions that promoted high linear extension rates in this species. Large colony transplants exhibited the best survivorship and extension r… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: An evolutionary approach to adaptive capacity assessment: A case study of Whitehouse | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: n/a | Method: Installed 350 ecoreef structures. The ceramic units, designed to mimic staghorn coral, facilitate the growth of coral reefs by slowing the water flow, stabilising sediment and providing a microporous surface for coral adhesion. In the process, they also increase fish populations. Did not transplant corals | Authors' conclusion: A baseline survey of fish populations conducted in June 2011, and subsequent surveys in January 2012 and June 2012 showed that fish abundance and diversity increased significantly: “A year later, 8195 individuals were documented over three fifteen minute transects compared to the original 115 individual fish noted at the artificial reef site” | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: In Situ Nurseries Enhance Coral Transplant Growth in Sedimented Waters. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Pachyseris, Pocillopora | Method: Testing whether nursery reared fragments do better than direct transplants | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: An evaluation of artificial reef structures as tools for marine habitat rehabilitation in the Maldives. | Technique: Substrate addition - artificial reef, transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Coral mining | Genera: Acropora, Astreopora, Cyphastrea, Favia, Favites, Galaxea, Goniastrea, Heliopora, Hydnophora, Leptastrea, Lobophyllia, Montastrea, Montipora, Pavona, Pocillopora, Porites, Psammocora, Symphyllia | Method: Corals were transplanted onto some of the artificial reef structures (above) to test whether transplantation would accelerate reef recovery. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 50% | Post-restoration monitoring: 42 months | Authors' conclusion: Twenty-nine months after transplantation, 41–59% of corals still survived on the concrete mattresses. | Lessons reported: Coral transplantation was a costly and time-consuming activity of doubtful efficacy. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Large-scale coral reef rehabilitation after blast fishing in Indonesia | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Blast fishing, construction, mining, storms | Genera: mixed | Method: Deployed small, modular, open structures (spiders) to stabilize rubble and to support transplanted coral fragments. Between 2013 to 2015, approximately 11,000 structures covering 7,000 m2 were deployed over 2 ha of a reef. | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: Live coral cover on the structures increased from less than 10% to >60% depending on depth, deployment date and location, and disturbances. The mean live coral cover in the rehabilitation area in October 2017 was higher than reported for reefs in many other areas in the Coral Triangle, including marine protected areas, but lower than in the no-take reference reef. At least 42 coral species were observed growing on the spiders. Surprisingly, during the massive coral bleaching in other regions during the 2014 – 2016 ENSO event, bleaching in the rehabilitation area was less than 5% cover despite… | Lessons reported: Inexpensive modular structures make coral reef rehabilitation practical on large spatial scales where the reef's physical integrity has been destroyed by blast fishing, storms, or groundings Structures that 1) allow unrestricted water flow, 2) trap broken coral fragments and rubble, and 3) stabilize the substratum effectively support high coral recruitment, growth, and diversity Removal of territ… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: First step in the restoration of a highly degraded coral reef (Singapore) by in situ coral intensive farming | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: Fish farm effluent | Genera: Acropora, Montipora, Pocillopora, Heliopora, Hydnophora, Porites, Psammocora, Diploastrea | Method: Testing the effects of fish farm effluents on coral nubbins in a nursery. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 34% | Post-restoration monitoring: 14 months | Authors' conclusion: After one year of mariculture, average of coral survival rates was low (34%). Survivorship (loss resulted primarily from coral detachment, not coral death) significantly differed among species and nurseries. The surviving nubbins showed high growth rates. Some corals grew faster at the fish farm site. | Lessons reported: Branching A. millepora, the submassive P. sillimaniana and the massive P. lutea are the most suitable species for nursery conditions for first restoration acts to be performed in high sedimentation sites like Singapore's reef. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Coral colonisation of an artificial reef in a turbid nearshore environment, Dampier Harbour, Western Australia | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Land reclamation | Genera: mixed | Method: A 0.6 hectare artificial reef of local rock and recycled concrete sleepers was constructed in December 2006 at Parker Point in the industrial port of Dampier, western Australia, with the aim of providing an environmental offset for a nearshore coral community lost to land reclamation. Coral communities were compared to a nearby control reef. Coral settlement to the artificial reef was examined by terracotta tile deployments, and later stages of coral community development were examined by in-si… | Post-restoration monitoring: 60 months | Authors' conclusion: Corals successfully colonised the artificial reef, despite the relatively harsh environmental conditions at the site. Mean coral density on the tiles varied from 113 ± 17 SE to 909 ± 85 SE per m2 over five deployments, whereas mean coral density in the quadrats was only 6.0 ± 1.0 SE per m2 at eight months post construction, increasing to 24.0 ± 2.1 SE per m2 at 62 months post construction. Coral taxa colonising the artificial reef were a subset of those on the surrounding natural reef, but occurred in different proportion —Pseudosiderastrea tayami, Mycedium elephantotus and Leptastrea purpure… | Lessons reported: This study indicates that simple materials of opportunity can provide a suitable substrate for coral recruitment in Dampier Harbour, and that natural colonisation at the study site remains sufficient to initiate a coral community on artificial substrate despite ongoing natural and anthropogenic perturbations. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Thermal stress reveals a genotype-specific tradeoff between growth and tissue loss in restored Acropora cervicornis | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Conducted a 21 mo field experiment to examine the influence of genotypic identity and diversity on coral growth, habitat production, and survivorship in restored corals. Used nursery-raised colonies of Acropora cervicornis to establish populations of either 1, 2, 4, or 6 distinct genotypes. A thermal stress event allowed the testing of thermal tolerance in different genotypes. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 60.45% | Post-restoration monitoring: 21 months | Authors' conclusion: After 21 mo there was no effect of genotypic diversity on restored corals, but genotypes differed 3-fold in survivorship and 20 to 327% in habitat production. Initial growth rates showed a significant positive relationship with live tissue loss at the end of the experiment, suggesting a tradeoff between growth and the ability to recover from thermal stress. Our study suggests that genotypic identity is a critical factor to incorporate into coral restoration planning. | Lessons reported: Investigating the role of genotypic identity and diversity on the ability of restored corals to resist pervasive coral reef stressors, such as disease, predator outbreaks, and nutrient pollution, are critical steps in advancing coral restoration efforts. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Lesion recovery of two scleractinian corals under low pH conditions: Implications for restoration efforts | Technique: Coral Gardening - Microfragmentation | Genera: Porites | Method: Two fragment sizes were artificially inflicted with lesions and incubated in two pH treatments to follow effects on recovery and physiological performance. | Post-restoration monitoring: 0.8 months | Authors' conclusion: Recovery was significantly reduced at reduced pH for P. porites in both fragment sizes; while recovery of P. astreoides was reduced only in the larger fragments. Different responses were also seen for Symbiodinium density and total protein with pH and fragment size. Effects on lesion recovery rate from pH and fragment size were species specific and may be related to morphology and/or energetic constraints. | Lessons reported: Energy shifts in corals is vital for lesion recovery, but is also species specific. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Genotype and attachment technique influence the growth and survival of line nursery corals | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Assessed growth, condition, and survivorship of A. cervicornis nursery colonies of three distinct genotypes grown via two line nursery techniques (suspended and direct line attachment [vertical]). | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 71.8182% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Direct line attachment resulted in poor survival (43%) and growth (9.5±1.33 cm/year), whereas suspended culture had 100% survival and increased growth (61.1±4.19 cm/year). Suspended culture had significantly reduced disease prevalence and prevented colony predation. | Lessons reported: Suspended coral growth was also comparable to a neighboring fixed structure nursery (55.2±7.86 cm/year), and found to be as effective in propagating corals as fixed structures. Nurseries should not exclude genotypes with lower productivity or survivorship, as these characteristics are not necessarily temporally or geographically consistent. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Coral reefs restoration and restoration experience in Pirotan Island, Marine National Park, Gulf of Kachchh, India | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Favia, Porites, Favites, Goniastrea, Goniopora, Siderastrea, Acanthastrea, Turbinaria, Cyphastrea | Method: Tested the survival and attachment of massive corals fixed to cement structures | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 8.55% | Post-restoration monitoring: 4 months | Authors' conclusion: The cement triangles are a viable restoration option. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Pumuteran Bay Biorock Project | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Metal structures deployed to plant coral onto. | Authors' conclusion: Year 2000 hardly any coral growth or fish.With the help of village and use of biorock the area was transformed. Many different corals and a variety of fish. As the corals grew, so did the fish population Since 2001 the village of Pemutaran has implemented ban on damaging fishing practices and a ban on all fishing around the Biorock structures resulting in an increase in fish stock in the bay benefiting the fisherman and the whole village. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Plasticity in skeletal characteristics of nursery-raised staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Compared linear extension, calcification rate, and skeletal density of nursery-raised A. cervicornis branches reared for 6 months either on blocks attached to substratum or hanging from PVC trees in the water column. | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Branches grown on the substratum had significantly higher skeletal density and lower linear extension rates compared to water column fragments. Calcification rates determined with buoyant weighing were not statistically different between the two grow-out methods, but did vary among coral genotypes. Whereas skeletal density and extension rates were plastic traits that depended on grow-out method, calcification rate was conserved. | Lessons reported: The two rearing methods generate the same amount of calcium carbonate skeleton but produce colonies with different skeletal characteristics and suggest that there is genetically based variability in coral calcification performance. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: The use of larvae or recruits in coral restoration initiatives: Symbiodinium acquisition does not differ between coral life stages in the wild | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Laboratory-reared coral larvae and recruits have been proposed for stock production but it is unknown if their use impacts subsequent symbiosis once transplanted to the reef. We exposed laboratory and field settled aposymbiotic recruits (recently settled <1 month) to Symbiodinium in the wild, then analyzed the acquired communities using ITS-2 sequencing. | Post-restoration monitoring: 1 months | Authors' conclusion: There was no significant difference between treatments based on overall community and diversity metrics, or differential abundance of individual taxa. | Lessons reported: Early acquisition is analogous and thus supports the use of either life-stage as an option for reef restoration. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Microfragmenting for the successful restoration of slow growing massive corals | Technique: Coral Gardening - Microfragmentation | Genera: Orbicella, Montastrea | Method: Arrays of eight microfragments were planted near one larger fragment of similar size at each location. Six replicate pairs were haphazardly placed within each ∼700m2 study site. Fragments at both sites were monitored for growth and survival over 31 months | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 59.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 31 months | Authors' conclusion: Initial growth, when standardized to initial surface area, in nearshore outplants was significantly higher for both species of microfragment arrays compared to larger fragments.there was no different between fragment types in the long term, despite average change in surface area showing that microfragment arrays produced nearly 6.5 times more tissue for O. faveolata and nearly 2 times more tissue for M. cavernosa. This lack of significance was due primarily to high variability between arrays of each species and lack of experimental power. Predation was a significant problem. | Lessons reported: If predation events are reduced, massive corals can be successfully grown and outplanted for restoration purposes. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Memphis Grounding Restoration | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Rubble removal preceded, One hundred-sixty small (1.13 m) Reef Balls® were organized into 40, 4-module reef units (quads), each in a square configuration with 3-m sides. Each quad had ReefBalls with one of four attractant treatments: iron, limestone, coral transplants, or plain concrete (control). Each ReefBall had two standardized settlement plates incorporating one of the attractant treatments. Innovative use of coral cores of nearby massive species were collected and transplanted onto the re… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 82% | Post-restoration monitoring: 30 months | Authors' conclusion: The results of this experimental, hypothesis-driven study highlight the interaction of biotic and abiotic ecosystem components and indicate the need for a broad, ecosystem approach to restoration rather than a myopic single-organism approach. The species-specific differences in transplant growth and mortality indicate that species selection must be an important considered in future coral reef restoration efforts. The unanticipated species-specific difference in mortality also indicates the need for an adaptive-management approach to restoration. | Lessons reported: the dramatic difference in survival and growth between M. cavernosa and M. meandrites transplants clearly indicates that species selection and potential species-specific responses to transplant methodology (e.g. coring) must be critical considerations in future coral reef restoration efforts. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Fitzroy island | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Fragments are grown in tree nurseries and planted back onto the reef | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 91% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Newest first, by the date the record was entered here. Records marked from a published source were compiled from the literature and have not been confirmed by whoever did the work — the organisation can claim one as its own. Measured on its own material means the figures describe what the project planted, which is a biased sample of the ecosystem around it.