Published as: Restoration of coral reefs in Pacific Costa Rica | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: Coral fragments collected from damaged reef and transplanted into the reserve in two locations; 58 in one and 52 in the other. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 81% | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: After three years, survivorship was 79%-83%. Furthermore, subsequent fragmentation caused a 41%-115% increase in new colonies. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Community-based coral reef rehabilitation in a changing climate: lessons learned from hurricanes, extreme rainfall, and changing land use impacts. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Corals were farmed on frames (180 × 150 cm wire panels with 15 × 15 cm sq. holes). Each farm was subdivided in 6 replicate units per site, one per each genetic clone, at approximately 5 m depth. A total of 80 replicate fragments per clone, per site, were grown during a year in 2011-2012 on the frames. A second experiment, conducted a year later, used larger fragments (32-37cm). | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 73% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival rate in “A frame” units improved from 73% during 2011-2012 to 81% during 2012-2013. Coral survival rate improved to 97% in horizontal line nurseries (HLN) incorporated during 2012-2013. Percent tissue cover ranged from 86% to 91% in “A frames”, but reached 98% in HLN. Mean coral skeletal extension was 27 cm/y in “A frames” and 40 cm/y in HLN. These growth rates were up to 545% to 857% faster than previous reports from coral farms from other parts of the Caribbean, and up to 438% faster than wild colonies. Coral mortality was attributed to hurricane physical impacts and sediment-laden… | Lessons reported: Achieving successful local management of reefs and adjacent lands is vital to maintain the sustained net production in coral farms and of reef structure, and the provision of the important ecosystem services that they provide. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Ex situ transportation of coral larvae for research, conservation, and aquaculture | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora, Diploria | Method: Transported several thousand larvae of three broadcast spawners from the Indo Pacific and the Caribbean to Europe. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 80.5053% | Authors' conclusion: Post-transport survival rates were mainly influenced by larvae density and transport duration. Optimum survival rates of >90% at densities of 4 larvae ml_x0001_-1 when not exceeding a transportation time of 4 days. | Lessons reported: Details of packaging, duration, logistics of long-distance transport | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Engineering of coral reef larval supply through transplantation of nursery-farmed gravid colonies | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Stylophora | Method: Nursery-farmed colonies of Stylophora pistillata were transplanted in three different years (November 2005, May 2007, and September 2008; T1-T3, respectively). Planula larvae were collected in situ from transplants and naturally growing, healthy colonies during the peaks of three reproductive seasons (2007, 2009 and 2010), along N4-year post transplantation. | Post-restoration monitoring: 48 months | Authors' conclusion: A higher percentage of nursery-farmed colonies (80–100% during the three reproductive seasons) released planula larvae than naturally-grown colonies (0%, 32% and 47% at 2007, 2009 and 2010 censuses). Gravid transplants also shed more planulae per colony, yielding significantly augmented numbers of total planulae over naturally developed S. pistillata colonies. | Lessons reported: Transplantation of farmed gravid corals, prior to their reproductive season, might surface as an efficient applied tool for reseeding degraded reefs. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Marine silviculture: Incorporating ecosystem engineering properties into reef restoration acts | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Stylophora, Pocillopora | Method: Transplanted 554 nursery-farmed colonies of two branching species onto five denuded knolls. The performance of the transplants was compared with 76 natural colonies and 217 colonies maintained at the coral-nursery. The corals were monitored monthly during the first 10 months, and bi-monthly for the following 7 months, altogether 17 months (533 days). Detachment, survival, partial tissue loss and fish bites recorded. Growth, commensal crab density and zoothanthellae density were also compared. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 63.4% | Post-restoration monitoring: 17 months | Authors' conclusion: The transplants, natal colonies and nursery controls had statistically different survivorship levels that differed significantly between the two species. Mortality in the Stylophora nursery control group was minimal (98.3% survival), compared to 81.3% survivorship of the natal controls. No significant differences in survivorship were documented between the transplants and the natal Stylophora colonies for the first nine months, but the transplants showed enhanced mortality levels after. After 17 months, 52.2% of Stylophora transplants survived. In contrast, no significant difference in surviv… | Lessons reported: A total of 67 person-hours were required for the preparation, transfer and transplantation of 554 colonies. Direct costs, including coral preparation and transfer, were approximately US$1.8/nursery-farmed coral. The Pocillopora nursery-‘pampered’ transplants, did not differ in survivorship, partial mortality, fish predation from the natal colonies, which represented the most successful naturally-… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis, restoration in south Florida: Growth and survivorship of outplanted nursery corals | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Coral fragments were grown in three separate underwater nurseries and outplanted to selected sites located within unique cross-shelf zones in the Upper Florida Keys. Growth and survival were measured both in the nursery and after outplanting. 113 coral fragments were outplanted to 4 sites. In each of the three areas, there were four outplant sites, and outplant corals were arranged in three clusters of 10 corals, with each cluster containing a replicate of the 10 distinct genotypes. Growth and … | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 89.2% | Post-restoration monitoring: 7 months | Authors' conclusion: The reef zone / habitat in which A. cervicornis were outplanted had a more significant effect on growth than the coral genotype. The fore reef zone within the Upper and Lower Keys regions and the midchannel zone in the Biscayne region had significantly higher mean growth rates. Survivorship was not significantly different in any of the regions. | Lessons reported: Depth and reef zone have strong effects on growth. It's not enough to simply choose fast-growing genotypes. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Coral relocation for impact mitigation in Northern Qatar. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Construction | Genera: Anomastraea, Cyphastrea, Favia, Platygyra, Plesiastrea, Porites, Pseudosiderastrea | Method: Over 4,500 hard corals were relocated from pipeline corridors to mitigate for pipeline installation impacts. Proven techniques for coral reattachment and newly developed methods to enhance coral survival were used for the mass recovery, transport, and reattachment of the corals. 6 of the 22 reattachment sites were randomly selected for bi-annual monitoring. A subset of the relocated corals (approximately 5%) and natural (reference) corals were randomly selected to monitor the relative coral hea… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 99% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: After one year, 99% of the reattached monitored colonies survived compared to 79% survival of reference colonies, and a greater percentage of reattached colonies were healthy (58%) when compared to reference colonies (33%). Hard corals and other fauna (e.g., sponges and oysters) combined provided less than 12% cover during the surveys, and the benthic community was instead dominated by algae. | Lessons reported: Hard coral relocation is a viable means of off-site mitigation for unavoidable impacts to sensitive coral habitats. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Coral translocation and farming as mitigation and conservation measures for coastal development in the Red Sea: Aqaba case study, Jordan. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Construction | Genera: Platygyra, Favia, Favites, Hydnophora, Montipora, Porites, Acropora, Pocillopora, Stylophora, Nephthya, Turbinaria, Millepora, Astreopora, Galaxea, Lobophyllia, Tubastrea, Leptoria, Goniastrea, Monta… | Method: 7000 coral colonies threatened by port development were moved and transplanted into degraded reef sites in Aqaba Marine Park. Survival and growth rates were monitored biannually for 2 years and compared to growth rates at a control site. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 87.3% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: The overall survival rate for the transplanted colonies was similar to colonies of the same species at the control site. Three species demonstrated more than 1 cm of linear growth per year. The overall survival rate of nubbins in a nearby nursery was 88 %, and the annual linear growth rate ranged from 0.32 cm to 0.99 cm. High survival and linear growth rates indicate that the transplantation site selection and the techniques employed were successful. | Lessons reported: Choosing a receptor site similar to the donor site, transporting the colonies underwater, taking care to minimize physical contact with the coral tissue during all transplantation processes, and only choosing healthy colonies for translocation led to a successful translocation and transplantation project. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Density dependence drives habitat production and survivorship of Acropora cervicornis used for restoration on a Caribbean coral reef. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Four experimental blocks of six 4m2 plots were established, with each plot separated by ≥5m. Each block contained one replicate of each density treatment, randomly assigned: 3-, 6-, 12-, or 24-colonies, as well as control plots without corals. Three A. cervicornis genotypes were used in equal ratios. Four replicates of each treatment were outplanted in the randomized block design for a total of 228 corals outplanted into twenty-four 4m2 plots. Growth, survival and predation were monitored. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 77.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 13 months | Authors' conclusion: Survivorship of restored corals decreased with increasing density. Outplanting A. cervicornis in moderate densities (3 corals m−2) maximizes growth rates and habitat production while minimizing tissue loss and coral mortality. | Lessons reported: Colony density significantly affects the outcome of transplantation efforts. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Acclimation in Pocillopora sp. during a coral restoration program in Carrizales Bay, Colima, Mexico | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: Coral fragments were transplanted either in clusters (125 fragments) or individually (155 fragments). Ten coral fragments transplanted using each technique were randomly marked for monitoring. Growth and colour were measured in five samples over 10 months. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 92.25% | Post-restoration monitoring: 10 months | Authors' conclusion: There was similar high survival of fragments with the cluster and solitary methods. The cluster technique leads to greater stability and integration of fragments, and greater aggregation of the fragments with the substrate. The mortality associated with both techniques was caused primarily by bioerosion by algae of the genera Ulva and Padina. The integration of the specimens in the cluster method induced an increase in the density of zooxanthellae. | Lessons reported: Both transplantation methods are economical and cheaper than attachment to hard substrata with epoxy. Clustering fragments leads to acclimation of zooxanthellae. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Creating stocks of young colonies from brooding coral larvae, amenable to active reef restoration | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Stylophora | Method: Testing the performance of a spat-rearing tool for a brooding coral species. Two prototypes of a new settlement apparatus and one original apparatus made of Petri dishes lined with preconditioned transparency (Mailer's paper) disks were stocked with 3730 planulae. Survival and growth were monitored in the lab and in an ex situ nursery. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 90% | Post-restoration monitoring: 5 months | Authors' conclusion: Four months after transplantation, more than 89% of colonies survived and grew to form 3D structures. | Lessons reported: 676 person-hours are required to create 10,000 5-month-old genotypes of equal size to small branch fragments. Allows farming of large quantities of colonies originating from sexually produced planulae, may enhance local populations' genetic variability. Inexpensive and easy to perform in remote places. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Modeling and monitoring tools to assess recovery status and convergence rates between restored and undisturbed coral reef habitats | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Ship grounding | Genera: Porites | Method: Use field monitoring and modelling or resulting data to evaluate the status of two restoration projects established in 1995, 6 years after two freighters ran aground on reefs Marine Sanctuary. A population model was developed for the coral Porites astreoides to project the convergence rates of coral abundance and population size structure between the restored and surrounding reference habitats. | Post-restoration monitoring: 72 months | Authors' conclusion: Species richness in general, and abundance of P. astreoides were nearly indistinguishable between the restoration structures and reference habitats after only 6 years. However, according to the model, maximum coral size will take twice as long to converge for this species. The model has high sensitivity to maximum recruitment rates. | Lessons reported: The level of success of a restoration effort (rates of convergence) were also influenced by the characteristics of the reference population - reference populations ought to be considered a “moving target” against which restoration success has to be measured dynamically. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Propagation of the threatened staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis: methods to minimize the impacts of fragment collection and maximize production | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Staghorn colonies (30-295cm) had been growing in the nursery for 2 years. One 2.5 cm (small tip) and one 3.5 cm (large tip) fragment were collected from each donor colony, and an unfragmented control branch was chosen from each donor colony. A subset of colonies was chosen haphazardly as unfragmented controls. Growth was monitored. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 64% | Post-restoration monitoring: 4.3 months | Authors' conclusion: The growth of colonies within the nursery exceeded the growth rates of wild staghorn colonies. The collection of branch tips did not result in any further mortality to the donor colonies. Donor branches grew faster than control branches after an initial recovery period of approximately 3–6 weeks. Fragmentation did not affect the growth rates of non-donor branches within the same colony. | Lessons reported: The collection of small (2.5–3.5 cm) branch tips was an effective propagation method for this branching coral species resulting in increased biomass accumulation and limited damage to parental stocks. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Optimizing the productivity of a coral nursery focused on staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: The authors applied 3 experimental treatments to 12 nursery-reared staghorn corals: 25, 50, or 75% of the colony’s biomass was removed and fragmented to create additional, smaller fragments. Four colonies served as unfragmented controls. Growth and colony productivity (the ratio of new tissue growth to initial colony size) were monitored. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 100% | Post-restoration monitoring: 2.9 months | Authors' conclusion: Treatment had no effect on colony productivity or the rate at which colonies developed new branches. | Lessons reported: 75% of the biomass of staghorn colonies may be removed without affecting their growth. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: A first endeavour in restoring denuded, post-bleached reefs in Tanzania | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: Bleaching | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora, Porites, Millepora | Method: 6912 and 7110 corals were transplanted onto reefs denuded from bleaching. In each site, 12 plots (36 m2 each) were set up, of which three were transplanted with a mix of three Acropora spp, three with a mix of six scleractinian species, and six served as controls within non-transplanted areas. Monitoring recorded bleached colonies, detached transplants, survival rates, size, fish surveys, and recruitment of selected invertebrates. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 57.975% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: After one year no significant difference was documented in ecological volumes between treatments, but there were large differences between species in the first treatment. Fish density and coral recruitment increased significantly. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Survival, growth, and branch production of unattached fragments of the threatened hermatypic coral Acropora cervicornis. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Naturally occurring fragments of A. cervicornis were attached only by a monofilament line and monitored for 18 months at two sites to quantify survival, growth, and branching dynamics. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 22.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 18 months | Authors' conclusion: Fragment survivorship did not exceed 26%, growth rates were low, and fragments barely produced new branches, with no difference for different size categories. | Lessons reported: Stable attachment is important for fragment survival. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Demographics and dynamics of two restored populations of the threatened reef-building coral Acropora cervicornis. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Nursery-reared fragments of A. cervicornis were transplanted to two reefs in Puerto Rico as part of a reef rehabilitation program, and their survival, growth, and branch production were measured for a year. The effect of the restoration on the dynamics and viability of the fragment populations was tested with a model. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 63.525% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival of outplanted fragments was > 60%, with no difference between fragment size. Large fragments (≥25 cm) grew faster and tended to produce more branches than smaller ones. Model simulations indicate that in the absence of recruitment and intervention, restored populations will decrease below a quasi-extinction level of 25% of the initial population size after 3 years. Transplanting at least 20 colony fragments per year (12%of initial population) is sufficient to keep the restored populations above the threshold. | Lessons reported: Minimum maintenance of restoration efforts to avoid extinction was simulated. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Assessment of juvenile coral populations at two reef restoration sites in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: Indicators of success? | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Ship grounding | Genera: Porites, Diploria, Favia, Siderastrea, Agaricia, Millepora, Pseudopterogorgia, Montastrea | Method: Three years after restoration of 2 ship grounding sites, coral and benthic (which were at most 3 yrs old) were mapped and identified. The two sites, characterised by different materials, were compared. | Authors' conclusion: Coral assemblages differ markedly in density, size distribution, and diversity between the two sites. Within the Maitland site, coral recruitment is positively associated with rough lime rocks embedded in the concrete restoration structure, but the coral assemblage is dominated by a single species, Porites astreoides. At the Elpis site, the juvenile coral assemblage has four taxa and juvenile coral density 50% greater than Maitland. This is probably due to differences in the benthic algal assemblages at the two sites, resulting from differing structure designs (e.g., differing material, surfa… | Lessons reported: Horizontal surfaces are likely to enhance sediment trapping by filamentous algae. Surface roughness is likely to be correlated with a more diverse coral assemblage. Surfaces that promote the growth of CCA are also likely to attract a more diverse coral community. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Reef-scale trends in Florida Acropora spp. abundance and the effects of population enhancement | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Teams of snorkelers observed the entire reef surface via swimming sequential, parallel linear transects. Acropora spp. were recorded as GPS points. Temporal comparisons were made for two intervals and for sites with and without coral outplants. | Post-restoration monitoring: 120 months | Authors' conclusion: A. palmata showed a cumulative proportional decline of 0.4 _x0015_to 0.7x in colony density, despite very low levels of outplanting at some sites. A. cervicornis showed similar proportional declines at sites without outplanting, but a dramatic increase in density (over 13x) at sites with outplants. Change in A. cervicornis colony density was positively correlated with cumulative numbers of outplants. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Survival and growth of transplanted coral fragments in a high-latitude coral community (32 deg N) in Kochi, Japan | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Drupella | Genera: Acropora | Method: 36 coral fragments were transplanted into three blocks, at three different depths. Survival and growth were monitored. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 46.75% | Post-restoration monitoring: 96 months | Authors' conclusion: All A. muricata fragments died within one year of the transplantation, but over 90% of A. hyacinthus fragments survived. Coral cover of A. hyacinthus increased from 8.9% to 48% of the total area. Surviving fragments grew more rapidly in the warmer months. | Lessons reported: Success of transplantation is species-specific | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Large-scale coral reef restoration could assist natural recovery in Seychelles, Indian Ocean | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora | Method: The authors quantified how coral transplantation influenced natural coral recruitment at a large-scale coral reef restoration site. A total of 24,431 nursery-grown coral colonies from 10 different coral species were transplanted in 5,225 m2 (0.52 ha) of degraded reef at the no-take marine reserve. Settlement tiles were deployed to measure recruitment. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Six months after tile deployment, total spat density at the transplanted site was 1.8 times higher than at a healthy control site and 1.6 times higher than at a degraded site. Two years after first transplantation, the total recruit density was highest at healthy site, intermediate at transplanted site, and lowest at degraded site. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Growth and survival of unattached Madracis mirabilis fragments transplanted to different reef sites, and the implication for reef rehabilitation | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: Madracis | Method: Transplantation of M. mirabilis fragments was carried out at four different reefs. The first experiment had three different treatments: (1) unfragmented colonies (control for fragmentation), (2) fragments transplanted within the same area (assessment of effect of fragmentation, and control for effect of site), and (3) fragments transplanted from one reef site to other reef sites (assessment of the effect of site). In the second experiment, the effect of two different transplantation methods was… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 37.8889% | Post-restoration monitoring: 4.2 months | Authors' conclusion: Growth and survival of the different transplantations was related to bottom sediment cover and movement of the fragments. Fragmentation had significant detrimental effects on growth and survival of the fragments. | Lessons reported: Unattached fragments are unsuitable for reef restoration projects | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Employing a highly fragmented, weedy coral species in reef restoration | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Destructive fishing | Genera: Montipora | Method: Almost 2000 coral ramets were reared in a shallow lagoon nursery for 1 year and then transplanted onto denuded reef knolls at two different sites and according to three transplantation designs (grid design with high or low density and patch design). | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 17% | Post-restoration monitoring: 15 months | Authors' conclusion: M. digitata ramets in the nursery exhibited 87% survivorship and fast growth rates (217–927%) in 1 year. Following transplantation, 17% of the corals remained alive with 37% loss due to mortality and 46% loss due to detachment. Growth increased the corals’ ecological volume by 384%. The high number of M. digitata survivors enhanced local habitat complexity. | Lessons reported: The weakness in the transplantation phase was M. digitata’s slow attachment to the substrate, which may be improved by having the coral tissue touching the substrate by drilling deeper holes in it. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Corals mass-cultured from eggs and transplanted as juveniles to their native, remote coral reef | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Eggs were obtained from captive of A. tenuis spawning and the resulting larvae and juvenile corals were cultured under laboratory conditions. A total of 564 substrates with ~63,000 juvenile corals at the age of 10 mo were transported to the native reef. They were transplanted in 3 experimental treatments, in order to evaluate effectiveness of protection by cages, hiding the juveniles under other substrates, and the effects of orientation on coral growth. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 59% | Post-restoration monitoring: 22 months | Authors' conclusion: The cages protected the corals from predation by fishes. The unshaded, upward facing corals in the cages steadily increased their coverage nearly 4-fold in ~2 yr. In the other treatments colonies persisted, but failed to increase in cover. | Lessons reported: The large and complicated structure of the substrates used in the present experiment resulted in too many juveniles on one substrate; only a few larger colonies are needed per substrate for transplantation | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Successful methods for transplanting fragments of Acropora formosa and Acropora hyacinthus | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: The authors tested the effects of orientation of attachment, seasons of transplantation, and size of fragments on survival, growth, and spawning of Acropora formosa and A. hyacinthus. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 58.75% | Post-restoration monitoring: 19 months | Authors' conclusion: Vertically attached, large-sized A. formosa fragments had 98–100% survival rate after 18 months, with higher % of spawning than smaller fragments. The fragments transplanted in August exhibited better survival than those transplanted in November. The fragments that spawned had lower growth rate. Only the vertically attached fragments of A. hyacinthus fused to the substratum, and those transplanted in February showed 100% survival rate after 14 months. | Lessons reported: Seasonality of transplantation. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Coral transplant survival over 3 years under different environmental conditions at the Hundred Islands, Philippines | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Destructive fishing | Genera: Acropora, Montipora, Pavona, Porites | Method: An effort to rehabilitate degraded reef areas involved transplantation of branch fragments of the hard corals Acropora microphthalma, A. echinata, A. abrolhosensis, Montipora foliosa, Pavona cactus and Porites cylindrica (order Scleractinia) from healthy communities to different islands of the Hundred Islands chain in the Philippines. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 25.7778% | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: Different species responded differently under varying combinations of water clarity and turbulence, which decreased along a rough gradient from north to south. In the north, Porites cylindrica survived moderately well (30%) after 36 mo compared with Montipora foliosa (17%) and Acropora microphthalma (14%). In the central sector, P. cylindrica (57%) and Pavona cactus (41%) survived better than A. echinata (31%). Where turbidity was highest (the south), all transplants fared poorly – P. cylindrica (14 %), A. abrolhosensis (23 %) and P. cactus (5 %). Coral species that survived at the transplant… | Lessons reported: These results have important applications in coral restoration efforts in other tropical regions because the species studied are relatively common | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: The role of differential survival patterns in shaping coral communities on neighboring artificial and natural reefs | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Dendronephthya, Pocillopora | Method: Miniature coral colonies were transplanted onto a 19-year-old artificial reef and its adjacent natural reef to test the hypothesis that differences in benthic communities between the two reefs are derived from different survival processes. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 57.05% | Post-restoration monitoring: 1 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival of of soft coral Dendronephthya hemprichi on the artificial reef, was nearly double that of those transplanted onto the natural reef. Survival of nubbins of the stony coral Pocillopora damicornis on the AR was over three-fold greater than on the NR. | Lessons reported: Sediment and current velocity were the major drivers | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Evaluating the potential of natural reproduction and artificial techniques to increase Acropora cervicornis populations at Discovery Bay, Jamaica. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: 1) Coral fragments placed on plastic A-frames 2) coral fragments tied to cement base, placed on wire mesh sheet 4) monofilament line nurseries | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 20% | Post-restoration monitoring: 15 months | Authors' conclusion: Very limited recruitment at study site. Hurricanes and bleaching affected the experiment. 1) A-frames: Relatively low survival of fragments (4-68%). Fragments with multiple branches grew 54% faster than single branches. 2) Cement discs: Low survival of fragments on the cement discs. 100% mortality of A. prolifera, and 19% in A. cervicornis (after 37 weeks). 3) Line-nursery: 0% survival after a bleaching event early on in the experiment. In a second attempt, 40% mortality was achieved. | Lessons reported: Frames placed on rock or rubble attracted fire worms and algae farming Stegastes damselfish, while frames placed on sand did considerably better. However, placing frames too far away from reefs increased algal growth due to a lack of grazing by herbivores. Solution: use larger mesh which does not encourage algae farming, placed at distance where fireworms do not colonies, but grazing herbivores s… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Mediation of growth by conspecific neighbors and the effect of site in transplanted fragments of the coral Porites attenuata Nemezo in the central Philippines | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Porites | Method: Porites attenuata fragments were reciprocally transplanted between 2 reefs, one degraded and one pristine. _x0005__x001E__x0006_Fragments were either transplanted to the source site or the reciprocal site and surrounded with either dead fragments or live conspecifics. Growth, survival and indicators of health were monitored. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 90% | Post-restoration monitoring: 13 months | Authors' conclusion: Transplants from the degraded site grew slower and branched less than those from the pristine site. In Apo, fragments with live neighbors grew taller but branched less. | Lessons reported: Value of conditioning habitat prior to transplantation: start by packing fragments densely, then thin them out | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Getting bigger faster: Mediation of size-specific mortality via fusion in juvenile coral transplants | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: To quantify the effect of size at transplantation on survival and growth of laboratory-reared planulae in the field, juvenile colonies were assigned to four size classes. Substrate tiles (n = 320 tiles), each with a single colony, were transplanted to three replicate patches of reef rock, and survival and growth monitored. The effects of fusion between sibling juveniles on their survival and growth were investigated, as well as aggregative settlement patterns. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 16.575% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival increased with size. Colony fusion resulted in lower 6-mo mortality, and chimeras of >2 fused colonies produced polyps faster. Fused colonies showed greater probability of growth to the next size class, while unfused colonies showed higher mortality and stasis. Settled larvae were aggregative distributed, with no difference in aggregation strength in larvae of same- vs. mixed-parent groups. Results suggest a benefit of fusion to survival and growth within the first eight months in juvenile coral colonies. | Lessons reported: Fusion could be used as a strategy to obtain larger colonies faster, provided they remain stable over time. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Steps towards the evaluation of coral reef restoration by using small branch fragments | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Stylophora | Method: Measured differences in calcification rates in fragments of different sizes, transplanted from different depths | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 70% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Up to 70% variation in growth rates between up-growing branches of a specific genet. Tip ratios in dichotomous branches differ significantly between newly formed and older branches. Small-sized branches are suitable for restoration purposes. | Lessons reported: Restoration may either sacrifice whole large colonies via pruning high numbers of small fragments or, by pruning a few small branches from each one of many genets. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Influence of electrical fields on the performance of Acropora coral transplants on two different designs of structures | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Genera: Acropora | Method: Examined the impacts of exposure to an electrical field on transplanted Acropora fragments. Two independent experiments assessed fragment survival and linear skeletal extension under varying electrical currents and in direct versus indirect contact to electrically charged substrate. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 82.3333% | Post-restoration monitoring: 9 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival rates of transplants for A. yongei and A. pulchra were significantly lower when exposed to a high amperage, or when transplanted close to the bottom. Maximum skeletal extensions of transplants were observed in elevated controls of A. yongei and for A. pulchra fragments subjected to 1.67 A/m2 While a direct contact with the charged metal had a significant negative effect on growth and survival of A. yongei fragments, A. pulchra demonstrated a general tendency to smaller extension rates when exposed to an electrical current. | Lessons reported: The main advantage of the mineral accretion technique in comparison to other artificial reef structures seems to be the minimal amount of alien material needed for an artificial reef structure as it continues to ‘grow’, constantly improving its weight and stability. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Coral transplantation: Regeneration and growth of Acropora fragments in a nursery | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Acropora pulchra fragments were used in a semi protected nursery in southern Taiwan between 1996 and 1998 to test, in situ, the possible effects of different factors (origin and length of the fragments, their new orientation, presence of tissue injury, and position in the fragment) on the generation of new branches and the initial skeletal extension rates of transplants. | Post-restoration monitoring: 4 months | Authors' conclusion: All factors affected one or both aspects of coral growth (i.e., branching frequency and skeletal extension rate), and these two aspects determine the success rate of a small fragment developing into a large colony with higher survival probability. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Narrower grid structure of artificial reef enhances initial survival of in situ settled coral | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: Acropora | Method: Eight types of experimental reefs were prepared using grid plates, with four different grid sizes and four different plate arrangements at two sites. To estimate the proportions of naturally recruited corals on the experimental reefs, 10 settlement plates were set up at each site; 20–30 m from the experimental reefs. The proportions of naturally recruited corals on the experimental reefs were estimated by comparing the genetic composition of corals among the three groups: naturally recruited co… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 31.2857% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Narrower grids were the most effective; grid plates with a 2.5-cm mesh presented the highest survival rate (14%) at 6 months after settlement. | Lessons reported: Lesson for larval seeding | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Success and growth of corals transplanted to cement armor mat tiles in southeast Florida: implications for reef restoration | Technique: Transplantation, Substrate stabilisation | Disturbance addressed: Construction | Genera: Siderastrea, Solenastrea, Stephanocoenia, Montastrea, Porites, Dichocoenia, Diploria, Meandrina, Montastrea, Millepora | Method: Corals were removed from an outfall pipe and transplanted onto concrete armor mat tiles used to repair the pipe. Success (number of corals still attached and alive), mortality (number of dead corals), and growth rates of the transplants were assessed. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 87% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival after 2 years was 87%, compared with seven sites of nearby natural substrate corals (83%). The two most numerous transplant species, Solenastrea bournoni and Siderastrea siderea, had comparable survival and mortality rates; however, S. bournoni had a significantly faster growth rate. | Lessons reported: Larger colonies have higher survival rates. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Augmenting the post-transplantation growth and survivorship of juvenile scleractinian corals via nutritional enhancement | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: Recruits of the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis were fed with live Artemia salina nauplii twice a week for 24 weeks in an ex situ coral nursery, and then transplanted back onto the reef. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 54% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Fed recruits grew significantly faster than unfed ones, corals supplied with the highest density of nauplii increased their ecological volume by more than 74 times their initial size, and the benefits of feeding were apparent even after transplantation to the reef. The fed corals had significantly higher survival and growth rates than the unfed ones. | Lessons reported: Costs per unit volumetric growth were drastically reduced with increasing feed densities, corals fed with the highest density of nauplii were more than 12 times cheaper than the controls. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Restoration of a degraded coral reef using a natural remediation process: a case study from a Central Mexican Pacific National Park | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: A total of 189 coral fragments of three different species were hand collected, inspected to ensure they were in good condition, and re-attached within the same area of collection using the plastic cable tie method on both artificial and natural substrates. Stable coral rubble was used as natural substrata for four study sites. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 75% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: High survivorship of 87% occurred on artificial underwater structures and 67% on natural substrate, the height and radial growth, on both substrata increase 2-fold from the initial size. | Lessons reported: Although both substrata were viable, coral fragments attach faster on natural (4 months) than artificial structures (6 months). | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Stabilization of fragments to enhance asexual recruitment in Acropora palmata, a threatened Caribbean coral | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Collected coral fragments were grouped into 18 replicate experimental blocks of three with similar size and tissue coverage. The three fragments in each block were then haphazardly allocated to one of three treatments: cable tied to the substrate, epoxied to the substrate, and an unstabilized control. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 99% | Post-restoration monitoring: 11 months | Authors' conclusion: Stabilized fragments lost less tissue cover and ranked higher in performance than the unstabilized control fragments. Stabilization using cable ties and epoxy were similarly effective. | Lessons reported: Stabilizing fragments will preserve live tissue and enhance growth of fragments and can thus improve the survivorship of fragments. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Macroalgae reduces survival of nursery-reared Acropora corals in the Florida reef tract | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Surveyed 23 A. cervicornis restoration sites, located at six different reefs in the upper Florida Keys, and assessed survival rates against benthic composition. | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Where A. cervicornis survived for more than 1 year, there was less brown macroalgae of the genus Dictyota than at sites where A. cervicornis had died. Coral survival was highest at sites with less than 15% Dictyota cover. | Lessons reported: Regulating macroalgal cover at restoration sites can lead to better coral survival. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Differential survival of coral transplants on various substrates under elevated water temperatures | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Porites | Method: Transplants of two species were evenly distributed and attached to three different types of substrate: live coral colonies of P. cylindrica, dead coral colonies (also of P. cylindrica), and epoxy coated metal grids that were raised above the sandy substrate. Monitoring of the transplants incorporated differences in survival with temperature related stress. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 22.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 3.5 months | Authors' conclusion: Transplants of P. rus bleached more slowly and suffered less mortality than P. cylindrica. Survival was good on the metal grids (average of 35%), and on the live coral (average of 22%). It was poor on the dead coral (average of 6%). | Lessons reported: The metal grids as well as live coral tissue apparently provided a favorable substrate for the attached coral fragments, even for those of a different species. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Restoration of the threatened Acropora cervicornis corals: intraspecific variation as a factor in mortality, growth, and self-attachment. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Donor coral thickets were selected from back reef areas and reef fronts, where morphological differences were observed. Fragments were sampled from within each colony and transplanted to metal frames in shallow back-reef areas. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 65% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral genotype accounted fo up to six-fold differences in relative growth, and was highly significant for all of the variables studied. Back reef and reef front populations of A. cervicornis corals differed significantly in relative growth, branch diameter, and attachment ability even after growing together for one year, suggesting a genetic basis to morphology and adaptation to their original environment. | Lessons reported: Frame culture was an effective method to produce second generation stock, with annual growth rates often over tenfold. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Local changes in community diversity after coral transplantation | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora, Porites | Method: 4 treatments: undisturbed sites (which also served as sources of the transplants), degraded plots to which corals were transplanted, empty plots that received no transplants, and control plots that were empty and situated at least 100 m away from the transplant and empty plots. The latter 3 treatments were replicated at 4 different sites. Diversity of surrounding organisms measured | Post-restoration monitoring: 15 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral transplantation resulted in higher diversity and greater abundance of fish and invertebrates and has the potential to help re-establish degraded reef communities. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Comparison of coral growth and survival under enclosed, semi-natural conditions and in the field | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Porites | Method: Two closely related scleractinian coral species, Porites cylindrica and Porites rus, were transplanted to two different locations: the natural environment on the reef flat, and culture tanks on land. The use of tanks enabled the regulation of environmental factors. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 85% | Post-restoration monitoring: 18 months | Authors' conclusion: For both species, growth and survival were much better in the field than in the land-based tanks most probably due to unrestricted water circulation. | Lessons reported: Predators and macroalgae can be controlled in the tanks | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Trends in growth and mortality of three coral species (Anthozoa: Scleractinia), including effects of transplantation | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora, Pavona, Pocillopora | Method: The goal was to examine the feasibility of using certain species in establishing new coral populations through deliberate fragmentation. Survival was compared between transplanted / fragmented and undisturbed colonies. | Post-restoration monitoring: 13 months | Authors' conclusion: Response to transplantation was poor for Pocillopora damicornis, and it had intermediate linear growth rates and relatively high mortality. Mortality rates of both A hyacinthus and P damicornis were increased by high temperatures during certain times of the year Pavona frondifera had the highest linear growth rates and no mortality. | Lessons reported: K-selected species might be better for restoration. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Physiological and ecological aspects of coral transplantation | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Porites | Method: The growth and mortality of transplants of two species of scleractinian corals, Porites cylindrica and P. rus were monitored over 16 months in a reef in the northwestern Philippines. Transplants were in two sizes and deployed at two depths (1 and 10 m). | Post-restoration monitoring: 16 months | Authors' conclusion: Specimens at the shallow depth had more rapid growth than the deeper ones. Light had significant effects on coral growth while temperature, salinity, water motion and sedimentation did not. Smaller corals consistently registered greater percentage increases in size as compared to the larger ones. Small transplants of P. cylindrica showed higher percentage growth rates than those of P. rus. There were no differences in transplant mortality due to size. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Coral recruitment and early benthic community development on several materials used in the construction of artificial reefs and breakwaters. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: n/a | Method: Comparison of coral recruitment between different materials commonly used in the construction of breakwaters and artificial reefs (concrete, gabbro, granite, sandstone, and terra-cotta). | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral recruitment was highest at the Dubai Dry Dock breakwater, while recruitment was equally low at other sites. Gabbro had higher recruit densities than concrete and sandstone; sandstone had less coral recruits than terra-cotta. Higher community dissimilarity was observed among sites than among material. Overall, site-specific differences in recruitment patterns are more important in determining early benthic community structure and coral recruitment than differences among substrate material. | Lessons reported: Where coral recruitment is high, gabbro should be used preferentially over concrete or sandstone where it is feasible, but granite may be a suitable alternative where it is the dominant stone. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: The use of artificial reefs in enhancing fish communities in Singapore | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: n/a | Method: An artificial reef consisting of a tyre reef and a concrete reef was established in the vicinity of the southern islands of Singapore, and fish communities were surveyed. | Post-restoration monitoring: 18 months | Authors' conclusion: The artificial reef resulted in an increase in numbers of juvenile and adult fishes. The dominant fish families were Pomacentridae, Labridae, Chaetodontidae, Apogonidae, Gobiidae and Nemipteridae. The artificial reefs also serve as a nursery ground for some species (e.g. Neopomacentrus sp.). Greater numbers of 'target' (food-important) fishes were observed at the concrete reef while the tyre reef harboured more juveniles and smaller sized adults. | Lessons reported: The concrete modules were more effective than the tyre reef in terms of fish abundance per unit volume. Such structures can enhance the biological resources of relatively unproductive areas. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Use of artificial reef structures to rehabilitate reef flats degraded by coral mining in the Maldives | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Coral mining | Genera: Pocillopora, Acropora, Porites | Method: Concrete reef structures were deployed on a 1-2 m deep reef flat in the Maldives which was mined for coral. Fish and benthic communities were monitored. | Post-restoration monitoring: 15 months | Authors' conclusion: All structures were rapidly colonized by fish; the most structurally complex hosted fish abundance and species richness similar to undisturbed reef sites. However, the fish community structure was still markedly dissimilar to that of undegraded reef-flat sites. Structures were initially colonized by filamentous green algae (7 days), then barnacles (14 days), and subsequently by a diverse invertebrate community (6-8 weeks). First coral recruits were observed 6.5 months after emplacement. | Lessons reported: Higher structural complexity of artificial reefs will attract higher density and diversity of organisms. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Use of artificial reef structures to rehabilitate reef flats degraded by coral mining in the Maldives | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Coral mining | Genera: Acropora, Astreopora, Cyphastrea, Favia, Favites, Galaxea, Goniastrea, Heliopora, Hydnophora, Leptastrea, Lobophyllia, Montastrea, Montipora, Pavona, Pocillopora, Porites, Psammocora, Symphyllia | Method: Corals for transplantation were collected by denuding three undegraded 50 m2 areas of reef flat, and transferred to the three Armorflex study sites. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 68.5333% | Post-restoration monitoring: 8 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival and growth of transplanted corals were high. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: An evaluation of artificial reef structures as tools for marine habitat rehabilitation in the Maldives. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef, Substrate stabilisation | Disturbance addressed: Coral mining | Genera: Pocillopora, Acropora, Porites | Method: 360 t of concrete structures of varying levels of topographic complexity, stabilising effect and cost were deployed on a heavily mined study site close to the capital island, Male´. | Post-restoration monitoring: 42 months | Authors' conclusion: Within 1 year of deployment, the artificial reef structures had similar or greater species richness and densities of reef fish than did control pristine reef flats. Substantial coral recruitment had occurred on the larger reef structures which were each supporting ca. 500 colonies, some of which were approaching 25 cm in diameter after 3.5 years. | Lessons reported: Concrete artificial reef structures can satisfy the critical biological requirements (i.e. provide substrate for the settlement and growth of corals and habitat to restore reef fish populations) associated with reef rehabilitation. However, artificial reef structures are costly, time consuming and unlikely to simulate natural reefs for decades. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Growth and Survivorship of Juvenile Corals Outplanted to Degraded Reef Areas in Bolinao-Anda Reef Complex, Philippines. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Wild colonies collected and placed in ex situ flow through aquaria, until spawning. Spawn collected and allowed to fertilise in buckets. Embryos were then transferred to tanks, and maintained for 7 days until settlement competency peaked. Larvae were encouraged to settle on dead rubble inserted into plastic wall plugs, and allowed to develop for ~2.5 weeks. At this stage, Trochus shells were introduced to control algal growth. Coral juveniles were then reared in tanks for 6 months, until they w… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 67.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: 1% success of settlement on rubble (i.e 221/2120 rubbles had at least one live coral juvenile after 6 months into the hatchery. After outplanting 67% survived, with a 10.7% detachment rate of fragments. Fragments increased in size 37 fold. Ecological monitoring was not undertaken post-transplantation. | Lessons reported: The rubble fragments that detached from masonry plugs could have been secured using cyanoacrylate glue | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Impacts of Fragment Genotype, Habitat, and Size on Outplanted Elkhorn Coral Success under Thermal Stress. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Expt 1: Testing the effect of outplanted fragment size of A. palmata. Two sizes (large=9-12 months old, small=6-9 months), outplanted 1m apart using epoxy. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 25.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 30 months | Authors' conclusion: No difference in survival between small and large fragments, however small fragments were significantly less prone to bleaching. Small fragments also grew significantly faster than larger fragments | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: The role of habitat creation in coral reef conservation: a case study from Aceh, Indonesia | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Tsunami | Genera: Acropora, Montipora, Pavona, Cyphastrea, Favia, Favites, Porites, Pocillopora, Seriatopora, Stylophora, Psammocora, Stylocoeniella, Millepora | Method: The artificial reefs consisted of concrete modules placed on the seabed of sand and rubble at depths of 2–9 m. Each module was c. 1.25 m2 and there were c. 260 modules in total. Once oysters had recruited to the blocks, c. 4–6 weeks after immersion, the blocks were scrubbed free of sessile life and live coral fragments were attached. Benthic and fish communities were monitored on five randomly selected artificial reefs and on nearby control reefs. | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral cover on artificial reef modules increased from a mean of 24% 1 year after the initial attachment of Acropora spp. coral fragments to 64% after 3 years. The artificial reef modules were also rapidly colonized by coral recruits, with densities nearly twice as high as recruit densities on natural reef substratum and with at least 23 coral taxa. The artificial reefs also supported at least 29 reef fish species from 11 families. | Lessons reported: Other benefits of this project included raising the awareness of reef conservation in the local community, promotion of tourism on Pulau Weh and job creation. We conclude, therefore, that habitat creation has a legitimate role as part of an integrated marine conservation strategy. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Impacts of Fragment Genotype, Habitat, and Size on Outplanted Elkhorn Coral Success under Thermal Stress. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Expt 2: 4 genotypes of A. palmata outplanted on 2 distinct habitat types, Fore reef (wave exposed) and patch reef (mid-channel) | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 56.25% | Post-restoration monitoring: 18 months | Authors' conclusion: Significant differences in both survival and growth between genotypes, while bleaching differed between genotypes, habitat and sites. No evidence to suggest that locally sourced genotypes (ie with local adaptations) would fare better than foreign genotypes. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: The role of habitat creation in coral reef conservation: a case study from Aceh, Indonesia | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Tsunami | Genera: Acropora | Method: The artificial reefs consisted of concrete modules placed on the seabed of sand and rubble at depths of 2–9 m. Each module was c. 1.25 m2 and there were c. 260 modules in total. Once oysters had recruited to the blocks, c. 4–6 weeks after immersion, the blocks were scrubbed free of sessile life and live coral fragments were attached. Benthic and fish communities were monitored on five randomly selected artificial reefs and on nearby control reefs. | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral cover on artificial reef modules increased from a mean of 24% 1 year after the initial attachment of Acropora spp. coral fragments to 64% after 3 years. The artificial reef modules were also rapidly colonized by coral recruits, with densities nearly twice as high as recruit densities on natural reef substratum and with at least 23 coral taxa. The artificial reefs also supported at least 29 reef fish species from 11 families. | Lessons reported: Other benefits of this project included raising the awareness of reef conservation in the local community, promotion of tourism on Pulau Weh and job creation. We conclude, therefore, that habitat creation has a legitimate role as part of an integrated marine conservation strategy. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Tiling the Reef--Exploring the First Step of an Ecological Engineering Tool That May Promote Phase-Shift Reversals in Coral Reefs. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: Algal phase shift | Genera: Stylophora, Pocillopora, Cyphastrea | Method: Testing the use of CD's (Compact discs) as a settlement and growing surface for coral fragments. Coral colonies were collected from the wild, from three species and ten genotypes per species, and cut into very small (similar to microfragmentation, but not called so by authors) fragments. 32 fragments attached per CD. CD's hung vertically or horizontally in mid-water nursery. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 67.1817% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: No difference in survival of fragments between horizontal and vertical CD's for S. pistillata, and Cyphastrea, however survival differed significantly between the two positions for P.damicornis. The position affected growth in the fast growing species (S.pistillata and P. damicornis), with vertical growing more than horizontal, however this was not significant for Cyphastrea sp. Overall >80% of units survived, and fast growth was observed | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Colonization of artificial reef materials by corals and other sessile organisms | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: Porites, Pocillopora, Montipora | Method: Benthic community development was compared on coral rock and materials used to construct artificial reefs at two sites off Oahu, Hawaii. The materials tested were concrete, car tires and metal (painted steel). In Kaneohe Bay, one series of plates was immersed in winter, another in summer. At both sites, plates were oriented horizontally, and upper and lower surfaces were examined for corals which were counted, measured, and the number of polyps recorded. Cover of sessile organisms on the Kaneoh… | Post-restoration monitoring: 18.5 months | Authors' conclusion: Highest coral recruitment in Kaneohe Bay was on metal and least on tires, Recruitment peaked in summer due to heavy settlement of Montipora verrucosa on lower surfaces. In Kaneohe Bay, where fish grazing was low, thalloid algae, and solitary and colonial tunicates were common on the plates. Compound tunicate cover was higher on plates immersed in winter than summer, and higher on concrete and coral than on metal or tire plates. There was more open space on tire and metal than on coral and concrete plates. Intense fish grazing occurred off Kahala, and encrusting bryozoans, coralline algae and … | Lessons reported: Concrete is recommended for artificial reef construction because community development was most similar to coral, it is durable in seawater and it can be shaped to specification. Metal structures which disintegrate slowly would also be appropriate. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Effects of Nursery Table Slope Orientation on Coral Survival and Growth | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Merulina, Pectinia, Podabacia, Pocillopora | Method: Testing how the orientation of nursery tables affects growth and survival of 4 species of corals. Horizontal, diagonal (45 degrees) or vertical. 5cm fragments attached with cable ties, and monitored for 6 months. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 76% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival in all species, but negligible growth in all but Pocillopora acuta. P. acuta was also the most susceptible to different orientations,and the authors speculate that other species invested energy into survival rather than growth. | Lessons reported: Orientation can be varied to manage sedimentation, as the angle had little effect on survival or growth (except for P. acuta). | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Testing animal-assisted cleaning prior to transplantation in coral reef restoration. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora | Method: Testing animal-assisted cleaning on nursery corals prior to transplantation. Cleaning stations consisting of nursery ropes carrying corals and biofouling organisms, set at 0.3 m, 2 m, 4 m, 6 m and 8 m from the seabed, were placed at both the transplantation (treatment) site and the nursery (control) site. Remote GoPro video cameras recorded fish feeding at the nursery ropes without human disturbance. | Authors' conclusion: A reef fish assemblage of 32 species from 4 trophic levels (18.8% herbivores, 18.8% omnivores, 59.3% secondary consumers and 3.1% carnivores) consumed 95% of the barnacles on the coral nursery ropes placed 0.3 m above the seabed. Using this cleaning station, coral dislodgement was reduced from 16% to zero. | Lessons reported: This cleaning station technique could be included as a step prior to coral transplantation on the basis of location specific fish assemblages and during the early nursery phase of sexually produced juvenile corals. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Evaluation of Staghorn Coral (Acropora Cervicornis, Lamarck 1816) Production Techniques in an Ocean-Based Nursery with Consideration of Coral Genotype. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Testing growth and survival of different in situ nursery styles - block nurseries and tree Block nurseries: fragment on cement disk, disk onto PVC cap, cap onto PVC pipe, Pipe encased in concrete block. Tree nurseries: Fragments attached with monofilament line and aluminium crimps on tree suspended with floats and anchored to sandy bottom. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 1.25% | Post-restoration monitoring: 10 months | Authors' conclusion: Corals grew significantly faster on trees, but survived longer on blocks. Ultimately, almost all corals (bar three on block nurseries) died following a bleaching event | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Newest first, by the date the record was entered here. Records marked from a published source were compiled from the literature and have not been confirmed by whoever did the work — the organisation can claim one as its own. Measured on its own material means the figures describe what the project planted, which is a biased sample of the ecosystem around it.