All projects

Published as: Accounting for life-history strategies and timescales in marine restoration | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Illegal coral harvesting | Genera: Corallium | Method: Transplanted 300 illegally harvested corals onto rocky reef and monitored demographic traits | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 99.1% | Post-restoration monitoring: 48 months | Authors' conclusion: The transplantation experiment was highly successful over a relatively short term due to high survival and reproductive potential of the transplanted colonies. | Lessons reported: Demographic projections predict that from 30 to 40 years may be required for fully functional C. rubrum populations to develop. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Acropora cervicornis genet performance and symbiont identity throughout the restoration process | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: 100 colonies of 5 different genets were outplanted in the Florida Keys. For each experimental colony, TLE was measured to the nearest mm at the beginning of the experiment and again at 93, 191 and 370 d post-outplant. Other measurements included the presence of disease, bleaching, breakage and partial or complete mortality. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 89% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival to 1 yr post outplant was consistent with regional averages and did not differ significantly among A. cervicornis genets or between outplant sites. Outplant site and host genet had significant effects on coral growth. However, genet growth response did not depend on outplant site, providing no evidence for site-genet matching. Conversely, growth rates measured for each genet in the nursery were not predictive of performance following outplanting. Most colonies sampled were infected by one of five unique strains of S. ‘fitti’. Host-symbiont specificity varied among coral genets, but f… | Lessons reported: These results provide important information that could be applied to future population enhancement activities and generate additional questions regarding phenotypic plasticity and host-symbiont specificity in A. cervicornis throughout the restoration process. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Three methods of coral transplantation for the purpose of reestablishing a coral community in the thermal effluent area at the Tanguisson power plant. University of Guam, Marine Laboratory. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Thermal effluent | Genera: Psammocora, Stylophora, Pocillopora, Acropora, Montipora, Pavona, Porites, Favia, Lobophyllia | Method: An early transplantation experiment testing whether corals which have a higher thermal tolerance can be transplanted onto a site impacted by thermal effluent from a power plant. Three transplantation techniques were tested: 1) Whole colonies were removed and attached at the site using plastic coated wire. 2) Fragments were scattered over the reef area, 3) Coral nubbins were epoxied onto terracotta tiles and placed on the restoration site. The transplantation site was divided by distance to heat… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 0% | Post-restoration monitoring: 14 months | Authors' conclusion: All corals transplanted into thermal effluent zone died, and the authors conclude that it is not possible to transplant corals species known to show thermal tolerance into a reef area subjected to high temperatures. All fragments scattered on the reef were lost after 2 months. Similarly, all terracotta tiles with nubbins were also lost. High survival of transplanted corals in control areas however (89 and 95%). | Lessons reported: Even though species may be thermally tolerant, they may be stressed due to to other factors (eg. irradiance). Colonies on control reefs (without thermal effluent) rapidly overgrow the plastic covered wire, and show hgh survival. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Accelerated regeneration of hard corals: a manual for coral reef users and managers. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Pocillopora, Stylophora, Acropora, massive faviids | Method: Fragments were taken from nearby healthy reefs, and placed on rubble or attached to dead branches with cable ties. | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Low survival for fragments <25 cm, but high survival for fragments >30cm. No difference in survival for randomly scattered fragments compared to carefully placed ones and those attached to the substrate. | Lessons reported: Fragments with 3D structure show higher survival because parts of the fragment is raised above the substratum. Survival of fragments exposed to air for <60 minutes, not significantly different from those transported in water. In calm, areas no need to attach fragments, however any water movement is likely to dislodge un attached fragments. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Experimental test of the effects of methods of attachment and handling on the rapid transplantation of corals. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Stylophora, Acropora, Favia, Echinopora, Rumphella | Method: Testing effects of handling and attachment methods of transplanted coral fragments. Fragments were taken from local coral colonies and 1)exposed to air for 2 hours, 2) transported underwater in baskets, 3) attached to masonry nails driven into substrate 4) attached with epoxy in drilled holes in substrate. The experiment was fully factorial, with controls, tested on fives coral species. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 82% | Post-restoration monitoring: 3 months | Authors' conclusion: Best method of attachment was epoxy into pre-drilled hole, and most species (exception: Stylophora pistillata and Rumphella sp.) did not show measurable negative impacts of 2 hours of exposure | Lessons reported: Lose attachment to nail causes small movements with water movement, prohibiting tissue overgrowth and permanent attachment to the substratum. Many species are relatively resilient to air exposure. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Manta Ray Bay | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: Natural Disturbance, cyclone | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora, Hydnophora, Goniopora, Porites, Pavona | Method: Fragments are grown in rope and table nurseries and planted back onto the reef | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 87% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral Gardening Gili Trawangan | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Creation of electrified structures on to which corals of opportunity are attached to the structures with cable ties . | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: 63 biorock structures deployed between 2004-2012. As of end of 2017 153 structures around the three #Gili Islands | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Community-based coral reef restoration | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reefs, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Corals of opportunity transplanted onto Ecoreefs. 300 were installed. EcoReefs are made of micro-porous non-toxic ceramic stoneware glued using marine epoxy to make snowflake like structures. They are pH neutral and do not leach toxins. Corals are tied to the structures using cable ties or wire | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: the small demonstration reef is flourishing with both transplanted and naturally recruited corals. A variety of benthic invertebrates and a wide range of fish species are also among the new recruits. | Lessons reported: branching design of the modules allows you to fasten and orient transplanted coral fragments with nothing more than a simple cable tie. Experience shows that transplanted fragments will quickly cement to the structure by laying down living tissue over the ceramic spines and will resume growth in a matter of weeks. To further enhance coral recruitment, settling plates at the center of each module … | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restoration technology using sexual reproduction. In: Omori M, Fujiwara S (eds) Manual for restoration and remediation of coral reefs. pp 14–28 | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora, Porites | Method: Egg/sperm bundles collected during spawning, using individuals 'tents' over coral colonies. Bundles from 3 or more colonies mixed in bucket to fertilise. Fertilised eggs also collected from slicks on the surface, the morning after spawning. Larvae reared in aquaria ex situ, or floating ponds 'in-situ'. The sides of ponds are sprayed with water to avoid larvae from sticking on them. Frozen chips of coralline algae and/or neuropeptide Hym 248 are added to the water to induce settlement in tanks. … | Authors' conclusion: n/a | Lessons reported: n/a | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Community-based coral reef restoration and education program | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reefs, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Corals of opportunity transplanted onto Ecoreefs. 600 EcoReefs are made of micro-porous non-toxic ceramic stoneware glued using marine epoxy to make snowflake like structures. Corals are tied to the structures using cable ties or wire | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Update - 2014 - In October, Seacology program managers visited the Tres Marias site and saw that almost ten years after the artificial reef units were installed, they are barely visible because they are covered with healthy coral. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The Coral Reef Rehabilitation Project | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Corals of opportunity are transplanted onto coral reef frames called 'spiders' that are connected together to form a matrix. | Authors' conclusion: 8645 coral 'spiders', significant increases in fish stocks, which provides both food security and job opportunities for many locals. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: M/V Wellwood Coral Reef Restoration Monitoring Report, Monitoring Events 2004-2006. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Monroe County, Florida. Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series NMSP-07-02. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Ship grounding | Genera: not relevant | Method: Artificial reef structures based on the structure of the adjacent undamaged reef was constructed using rocks, concrete and limestone, and concreted onto the substrate. 22 modules were prepared and placed on 14 sites. In addition, limestone boulders were attached with concrete in depressions that could not fit a module. | Post-restoration monitoring: 48 months | Authors' conclusion: The structures were all attached and in great condition after 4 years deployment, despite the passing of several hurricanes and severe storms. However, After 2 years it appears like the modules receive less Gorgonian recruits than control (damaged but not restored) and reference (not damaged, not restored) areas, while receiving the same amount of Scleractinian and Millepora recruits. After 4 years, the differences were no longer significant, and all three sites showed similar numbers in terms of Scleractinians, Millepora and Gorgonians. Authors emphasises that recovery is likely to be a deca… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Funafuti Atoll coral reef restoration project (Republic of Tuvalu). - Baseline report | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Coral transplantation experiment. Partial coral colonies (?) moved to sandy area and placed on sandy bottom to mimic patch reefs | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 74% | Post-restoration monitoring: 15 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival after 15 months, followed by a 'major mortality' at 15 months (percent not reported). Cause of mortality event unknown. Juvenile fish densities and diversity increased | Lessons reported: Avoid transplanting at times when high seasonal temperature stress is likely (ie during summer). Select a site free from human caused disturbances | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Museo Subacuático de Arte | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: TO reduce pressure on surrounding reefs this artificial reef was constructed. Corals attached only to some structures. Not all. | Post-restoration monitoring: 60 months | Authors' conclusion: The Cancun Marine Park is one of the most visited stretches of water in the world with over 750,000 visitors each year, placing immense pressure on its resources. The location of the sculptures promotes the recovery of the natural reefs at it relieves pressure on them by drawing visitors away. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Reef rescuers program | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: acropora, pocillopora | Method: Mid water rope and net nurseries. Weighted at the bottom and floats to keep buoyant. | Authors' conclusion: Coral Gardening concept was selected from among other coral regeneration methods for its simplicity, cost effectiveness and low-impact on donor sites more than 13,000 nursery-grown colonies have been transplanted using two different techniques. The long-term “success” of this mass transplantation is yet to be monitored but the project has already had a very positive knowledge-building impact | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Acropora | Method: Nursery grown corals using the Coral Tree Nursery (TM) Method. | Post-restoration monitoring: 9 months | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Acropora | Method: After six to eight months growing in the nursery, corals are healthy and mature enough to be transplanted to a restoration site. These are reef sites that are degraded and damaged and would benefit from Staghorn and Elkhorn corals growing there. Corals are taken from the nursery and are transplanted to restoration sites (damaged reef areas) using a couple of different methods. Corals are tagged to keep track of the genetic information and to allow for short and long-term monitoring. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Blue Pearl bay | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: Natural Disturbance, cyclone | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora, Goniopora, Porites, Pavona | Method: Fragments are grown in rope and table nurseries and planted back onto the reef | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 72% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: How to Restore a Damaged Reef | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Following ship grounding, debris was vacuumed up, corals of opportunity collected from nearby reef. These had been dislodged due to large swell event, Target transplant locations were 1) pressure cleaned to clear away loose debris 2) coral bases cleaned to ensure smooth connection 3) attached to cement bases | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 89% | Post-restoration monitoring: 7 months | Authors' conclusion: 600 different coral species, diff sizes. After 1 year, 89% survival, fish communities reappearing/repopulating site, newly settled corals | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Transplantation of benthic species to mitigate impacts of coastal development in Jamaica | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Dredging | Genera: Acropora | Method: Dredging in Kingston Harbour resulted in the removal of the northern portion of the shallow coral reef at Rackham’s Cay, sparking a proposal to transplant benthic species to an undisturbed area. Sixty thousand items, consisting of reef building massive and branching corals; gorgonians; urchins (Diadema and Tripneustes spp.) and Thalassia meristems were relocated. | Post-restoration monitoring: 18 months | Authors' conclusion: Enough of the corals have survived to be able to significantly increase the percent cover of coral at the relocation area. | Lessons reported: The relocation project reported here cost US$1.7 million and represents a landmark case in Jamaica ’s environmental process as the first significant attempt at mitigation by Jamaican environmental professionals who took the lead in calling for this type of mitigation and received full support from their Government counterparts. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Israel Jordan Reef Restoration | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: yes | Method: 5 artificial reefs added to the reef environment | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: AIm to remove the pressure from over a million divers each year which this project appears to be doing | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: in: Johnson et al 2011, Caribbean Acropora restoration guide: best practices for propagation and population enhancement CASE STUDY 1 | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: A-frame nursery, Line nursery and rope table nursery. Epoxy coated wire mesh to prevent algal growth. Outplanting using masonry nails driven into reef substrate, fragment attached with cable ties. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 97.4% | Authors' conclusion: High fragment survivorship and high retention rates of fragments on out planted sites, indicates that outplanting techniques are successful. | Lessons reported: Fragment colonies early to avoid increasing weight on nurseries, use mixed type of nursery structure to spread risk, select sites based on environmental characteristics, as well as the presence/absence of predators and cleaners | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: in: Johnson et al 2011, Caribbean Acropora restoration guide: best practices for propagation and population enhancement CASE STUDY 2 | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Block nursery, Line nursery, and tree nursery | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 75% | Authors' conclusion: High fragment survival on out planted sites | Lessons reported: Space out planted colonies to avoid disease spread and the attraction of coral predators, use stable substrate to avoid damage to out planted corals, | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: in: Johnson et al 2011, Caribbean Acropora restoration guide: best practices for propagation and population enhancement CASE STUDY 3 | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: Mechanical disturbance | Genera: Acropora | Method: Block nursery | Authors' conclusion: None mentioned | Lessons reported: Corals of opportunity may have lower health, and therefore lower survival, spread your risk | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: in: Johnson et al 2011, Caribbean Acropora restoration guide: best practices for propagation and population enhancement CASE STUDY 4 | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: Ship Grounding | Genera: Acropora | Method: PVC structures on substrate | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 85% | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: Successful outplanting of 3600 corals | Lessons reported: Space colonies further apart (>2m) to avoid predation by snails and fireworms. Choose a site near natural algae predators (ie Diadema and Echinometra). Build modular, rather than bigger, to reduce size and weight of structures, and growing fragments. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: in: Johnson et al 2011, Caribbean Acropora restoration guide: best practices for propagation and population enhancement CASE STUDY 5 | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: Ship Grounding | Genera: Acropora | Method: Line nurseries, outplanting sites stabilised (no detail on methods) | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 95.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival and growth in nurseries, high fragment survival on out planted sites | Lessons reported: A PVC frame around line nurseries prevent collapse as colonies grow (FUCA). Smaller frames (150cm x 300cm) better than larger (300 x 300) to prevent weight and collapse as corals grow. Helix anchor better than duckbill anchor of substrate is rabble rather than sand. Placing nursery near sites with high abundance of fish will help prevent biofouling on lines. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: in: Johnson et al 2011, Caribbean Acropora restoration guide: best practices for propagation and population enhancement CASE STUDY 6 | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Line nurseries | Authors' conclusion: More than 200 corals out planted to three sites | Lessons reported: Monofilament line holds less fouling organisms than substrates with a larger surface area (e.g. concrete block, rope or rebar. Choose a site with a high abundance of fish to help with cleaning of fouling organisms. Monitor frequently to remove fouling organisms and perform repair. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: in: Johnson et al 2011, Caribbean Acropora restoration guide: best practices for propagation and population enhancement CASE STUDY 7 | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Ex situ nursery phase in aquaria, in greenhouses with light filtering through shade cloth. | Authors' conclusion: Preliminary observations are showing that almost all of the corals out planted have not only survived but are growing well. However, comparisons with out planted fragments from in situ nurseries show the same survival and growth. Benefits of ex situ nursery is ease of maintenance | Lessons reported: Strict biosecurity measures need to be implemented to ensure only healthy corals are placed back on the reef | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral Transplants Offer Hope to Threatened Reefs | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Acropora | Method: Grew coral fragments in ex-situ nurseries | Authors' conclusion: Unanswered questions remain: What size of coral survives transplants better? When is the best time to conduct the transplantation? What genetic strains of a single species survive best? How do other species compare? How long does it take to restore a reef? | Lessons reported: Ex-situ to in-situ transplantation is feasible | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral Nursery | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Acropora | Method: The coral nurseries are rows of “trees” (PVC trunks with fiberglass rods running through the trunk) that are tethered to the bottom with sand anchors and buoyed with floats that sit just below the surface. | Post-restoration monitoring: 9 months | Lessons reported: The Coral Tree nursery, has proved to be an efficient and effective way to grow second and third generations of corals, through fragmentation. In this way, the Coral Tree nurseries become a self-sustaining to grow corals. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restoration sites | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Acropora | Method: After six to eight months growing in the nursery, corals are healthy and mature enough to be transplanted to a restoration site. These are reef sites that are degraded and damaged and would benefit from Staghorn and Elkhorn corals growing there. Corals are taken from the nursery and are transplanted to restoration sites (damaged reef areas) using a couple of different methods. Corals are tagged to keep track of the genetic information and to allow for short and long-term monitoring. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: There are many criteria for selecting a coral restoration site. Each of them plays an important role in helping to determine where we transplant and how many corals get placed at that site. A few we take into consideration are existing wild populations, depth, water quality, bottom type, size of the area, predator abundance, wave exposure, and the effects of human activities. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Reef Arabia Rehabilitation Project | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: yes | Method: Deploying large, prefabricated cement structures to the seafloor to re-create habitat for repopulation by marine community | Authors' conclusion: The fish are coming back in all types and colors. The coral reef is flourishing again. The fishermen are benefiting. And the dive sites are amazing to visit again. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Reef Restoration Serangan Island | Technique: Coral gardening - nursery phase, coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: The reef around Serangan was damaged due to land reclamation. Installed coral nursery tables and transplant corrals onto the natural reef. Coral fragments planted onto cement buttons or bases that are grown on nurseries before transplantation | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Noranda Bauxite project in Discovery Bay | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reefs, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Corals of opportunity transplanted onto Ecoreefs. 500 EcoReefs installed. 1200 nursery grown coral branch tips transplanted to the installation in July 2012. | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Antigua Maiden Island Reef Restoration | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Deploy 1000+ modular reef balls, transplant corals of opportunity, stabilise loose live coral rock by attaching it to the reef balls. | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: The combination of all the latest successfully proven marine restoration techniques in this project has created a complete ecosystem. Volunteer teams documented 73 fish species, 71 invertebrates spp., 30 corals spp. and 26 algal spp. (plus a turtle) now on the reef. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Antigua Maiden Island Reef Restoration | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Genera: Mixed | Method: Twenty one boatloads of corals (17.5 tons, 5000+ coral colonies) were removed from danger and transported to Maiden Island. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 95% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Lessons reported: The big advantage, however, of the attachment adapter system is volume. Using traditional methods, a skilled diver may plant 10 corals in an hour. Using the Reef Ball plug system a relatively unskilled diver can transplant 100 corals or more per hour. This ten fold increase in efficiency and ability to use quickly trained volunteers instead of life long experts makes coral restoration practical o… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral Reef Conservation and Coastal Zone Management Program | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Developed reef balls in collaboration with cement company onto which corals were transplanted. 258 reef balls | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: WRCT estimates that establishing a sustainable coral reef will take at least 5 years. | Lessons reported: The coral reef restoration program brought up new scientific knowledge regarding artificial coral transplanting methods. This project revealed that freshwater dilution can cause mass coral mortalities if the flood water is not managed properly. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Manta Reef Restoration Project | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs, Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Install metal structures into the shape of a Manta Ray. The structuresuse mineral accretion and are placed on sandy sea bed and corals of opportunity of transplanted onto the structures | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: In summary, the conclusion at the end of one year is: Study site 2013 / 2014: Increased in number of species 195.5% Increased number of families 133.3% Increased in the average number of individuals per 100m² of 1501.1% In 2014 there was a relationship between the control site and the study site of: 238.9% by number of species 153.8% by number of families 2483.6% in average number of individuals per 100m² Transplanted corals : 1400 Number of species: 26 | Lessons reported: Our artificial reefs are designed primarily for the purpose of providing habitat for marine wildlife, making it possible to re-grow faster ecosystem and a solid substrate for corals to grow in the best conditions possible. We use various restoration techniques and different substrates to be the most suitable possible to the area identified. It creates, protects and regenerate the local ecosystem,… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Agincourt 3 | Technique: Coral Gardening- Transplantation, Substrate enhancement- Electric | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora, Montipora | Method: Coral fragments are attached to electrified steel frames. The frames have the dual role of stabilising loose rubble and provide a structure on which to attach coral fragments. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 27% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Lessons reported: Mineral accretion technology is difficult, power supply to cathode material is crucial | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Holyver Coral Garden Memorial | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Installed rock structures into a manicured garden in the shape of a 9.. The rocks appear natural and corals are transplanted onto the structures. They are designed to be interactive and educative for snorkel tours. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Quantitative outcomes: Transplanted corals: 300 Number of species: 20 | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Underwater Museum | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Install artistic pieces made of reef rock and local marble onto which corals are transplanted | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Quantitative outcomes : Transplanted corals: 270 Number of species: 20 | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Pyramid Reefs and Coral Nurseries | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Deployed large cement structures, coral nurseries grow mixed species of coral. These are then transplanted onto the artificial reef | Authors' conclusion: Off the Thailand coast, underwater pyramids of concrete blocks are forming the beginnings of an amazing artificial reef … and nearby in the shallows is a nursery for fledgling corals. This reef-in-the-making is already attracting plenty of marine life | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral Gardening for Tourism and Climate Change Adaptation in Vanuatu | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Small, transportable steel frames ('spiders') constructed by the local community. Corals of opportunity are cable tied onto the frames. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Development of Restoration Technology for Coral Reefs Using “Marine Block™.” JFE Technical Report. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: Acropora | Method: Development of a substrate suitable for attachment of coral transplants (Marine Block), as well as the development of a coral settlement device. The marine block was made of slag, a byproduct of the steel industry, which is primarily made of CaCO3, facilitating recruit settlement and the attachment of coral fragments. The settlements devices were used to capture coral larvae for outgrowing in nurseries, and later transplanted onto Marine Blocks after 1 year. | Post-restoration monitoring: 72 months | Authors' conclusion: Marine rock receives 2 times more settlers than a concrete block. Transplanted Acropora nasuta spawned 6 years after transplantation on to Marine Block. | Lessons reported: Marine Block can be used to settle corals on, | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Development of Restoration Technology for Coral Reefs Using “Marine Block™.” JFE Technical Report. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Testing Marine Rock in Indonesia. Calcium carbonate based block were used to create a substrate in unstable degraded areas. Coral larvae settlement devices were used to collect coral planula, which were out planted after 1 year. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 93% | Post-restoration monitoring: 1 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival of translocated colonies | Lessons reported: None | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Best practices manual for Caribbean Acropora restoration. Puntacana Ecological Foundation. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: not relevant | Method: Building hurricane resistant coral nursery tables. Tables suspend fragments ~1m above substratum to avoid smothering by sand. Built with 16mm thick metal bars, and placed in direction with the prevailing currents.Bars are joined using UV-resistant cable ties.Ropes are tied to end legs, and coral fragments attached as 'mother colonies'. | Authors' conclusion: Tables avoid problems with predators, suspended sediment and silt. Tables can support heavy weight and can therefore be used to support mother colonies. If installed correctly they can be hurricane resistant. Mother colonies grow fast on rope nursery and may only need to be trimmed once a year. | Lessons reported: Poor quality cable ties can disintegrate, tables are vulnerable to snagging on anchors. Avoid electrolysis by avoiding different metals in contact with each other (ie use plastic coated wire/trays on top of metal bars). If placed near reefs, the tables are virtually maintenance free as resident fish clean off any fouling organisms and potential predators. The rope method is primarily for the prod… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Best practices manual for Caribbean Acropora restoration. Puntacana Ecological Foundation. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: not relevant | Method: Cultivation and out-planting using the 'cookie tray'-method. Flat/massive coral fragments are placed on button-like trays made from cement. Monofilament line is passed through holes in the trays, and used to attach the flat coral fragments to the disc. Cookies are then placed on the supportive ends of the wireframe tables. | Authors' conclusion: A. palmata fragments quickly fused over the cement cookie, and further grow vertically from the disc. | Lessons reported: May require a high degree of maintenance as mesh and cookies are overgrown by algae. Place close to reef where abundant herbivores are present to alleviate this problem. Ensure that the disc is sufficiently large for the chosen coral species. Some corals (eg A. palmata) will not initiate vertical growth until a sufficient base is established. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Best practices manual for Caribbean Acropora restoration. Puntacana Ecological Foundation. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: not relevant | Method: A-frames or dome shapes constructed of wire mesh, bent into shape. Coated in epoxy resin to prevent rusting, and placed on sandy/rubble bottoms. | Authors' conclusion: Fragments grow quickly on these frames, and they are easily replicable for research. | Lessons reported: Frames can quickly become overgrown, and colonies are difficult to remove at this stage, so these frames are less ideal as nurseries, and more suitable for permanent solutions. however, some coral colonies may become top heavy and cause the frames to topple or collapse. Locate frames 2-3 m away from reef, to reduce the potential of snails or fireworms to access the frames, while still allowing he… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Best practices manual for Caribbean Acropora restoration. Puntacana Ecological Foundation. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: not relevant | Method: Outplanting techniques: 1)Plug-in method: fragments are simply wedged in existing crevices and rubble. 2) Nail and tie-method: Long nails (75mm) are hammered into the substrate, and fragments are attached to the nails using cable ties. Epoxy can be used to ensure the nail is attached to the substrate as well. 3) Pegged rope method: fragments are inserted by untwisting the rope, and the entire length of rope is attached to the substrate using 75mm concrete nails. This allows rapid outplanting of… | Authors' conclusion: 1) Plug in method can suffer from low retention, however remaining fragments quickly self attach to the substrate and grow rapidly. 2) Nail & tie-method is slow, because each fragment is attached individually, however retention is high, and vertical surfaces can also be out planted. 3) pegged rope method allows hundreds of fragments to be out planted within a single dive, and fragments cover the rope within a few months. 4) Fragments in cement rosettes fuse and quickly become colonies. This method is best for small fragments created when trimming donor colonies. | Lessons reported: 1) Plug-in method may be most suitable as an emergency method, where high numbers of fragments are available and time/funding/manpower is limited.2) Nails & Tie method is expensive in terms of manpower, but can be done gradually since each fragment is attached individually.3) Pegged rope method, some fragments may be damaged by abrasion f they are not touching the substrate. this can be remedied … | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Community Reef Restoration Efforts | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Method: Farming coral nubbins in nurseries (Tables and rope) , cable tie fragments to cement disc, cable tie disc to tables. splicing rope and threading corals between | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 81% | Authors' conclusion: Since 2006, over 14,000 corals consisting of more than 25 species have been propagated and transplanted back to the reef in village MPAs and village youth have received basic training in cost-effective coral propagation techniques, reef ecology and fauna, and integrating this work into guiding snorkeling tours | Lessons reported: methods easy to learn by local communities, diversity of species is important, improving passive mgmt actions helps, strong governance is key, economic incentives help garner and maintain community support. Possible to incorporate eco-tourism | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: At the Water's Edge | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: yes | Method: Deployed steel cages into which rocks were placed to create a breakwall from damaging waves. | Authors' conclusion: The artificial reef, the restored beach, and the mangroves will also act as a barrier during storms – protecting people during natural disasters. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral reef restoration (Bolinao, Philippines) in the face of frequent natural catastrophes | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: Natural disturbances | Genera: Merulina, Montipora, Echinopora, Pocillopora, Porites, Acropora | Method: Nursery and transplantation phases hampered by (1) a category 4 typhoon (2) heavy rains; and (3) a bleaching event. This study analyzes the effects of these natural catastrophes on restoration efforts. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: The two coral nursery phases in the sheltered area of the Bolinao’s large lagoon suffered from two major environmental catastrophes: the 2006 typhoon and the 2007 bleaching events, the latter being the most devastating. The transplanted colonies withstood two more stochastic natural disturbance events and a tempestuous southwesterly monsoon season, all potentially affecting survival. Susceptibility was species-specific. | Lessons reported: In the nursery phase, consideration should be paid to depth flexible constructions and tenable species/genotypes prioritization and for transplantation acts, site/species deliberation, timing, and specific site selections should be taken into account. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Seraya Kecil Coral Nurseries | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Corals of opportunity are planted on metal coral nursery tables placed on the reef slope | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.