Biological Resources

Published as: Multivariate responses of the coral reef fish community to artificial structures and coral transplants | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora | Method: The effects of artificial structures and coral transplants on fish abundance, number of species, and community composition were examined during a two-year study at three locations. Three experimental treatments (10 x 10 m rubble plots (a.) left untreated, (b.) covered with concrete structures, and (c.) covered with a combination of structures and coral fragments) were monitored using monthly underwater visual censuses. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: At the site with the lowest coral cover and structural complexity in the ambient reef, fish community responses were most marked, with an 8-fold increase in fish abundance in the Structures + Corals treatment compared to the untreated rubble plot. At the other two sites, abundance and number of species in the experimental treatments did not surpass that of the natural plots. | Lessons reported: Reef context is important in the selection of appropriate restoration measures. Results may differ depending on condition of the ambient reef. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Expansion of the Puerto Rico Low-Tech Coral Aquaculture and Coral Reef Rehabilitation Project. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Coral nurseries and outplanting to restore degraded coral reefs. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 73% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Staghorn coral outplanting was also highly successful in restocking depleted populations. Further, outplanting also resulted in a significant enhancing of reef fish communities, particularly with juvenile individuals. Restored sites have shown a significant increase in fish species richness, abundance and biomass, in comparison to control sites. Also, non-MPA restored areas support more fish than those at control non-MPA sites. | Lessons reported: Differences in different nursery styles | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Noranda Bauxite project in Discovery Bay | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reefs, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Corals of opportunity transplanted onto Ecoreefs. 500 EcoReefs installed. 1200 nursery grown coral branch tips transplanted to the installation in July 2012. | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restoring the underwater habitat at SEA Restaurant: Phase 1 | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Tubastrea, Heliopora, Sinularia, Clathria, Sarcophyton, Lobophytum, Dendronephthya, Stichopathes, Amplexidiscus, Acropora, Alveopora, Astreopora, Cyphastrea, Diploastrea, Euphyllia, Favia, Favites, F… | Method: Transplanting remaining living coral around the underwater restaurant onto pre prepared frames and cement bases. Included corals, anemones and other inverts | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 98% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Restoration of the platform surrounding SEA helped restore the three dimensional structure of the habitat providing refuge and feeding areas for coral reef fishes. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The role of habitat creation in coral reef conservation: a case study from Aceh, Indonesia | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Tsunami | Genera: Acropora | Method: The artificial reefs consisted of concrete modules placed on the seabed of sand and rubble at depths of 2–9 m. Each module was c. 1.25 m2 and there were c. 260 modules in total. Once oysters had recruited to the blocks, c. 4–6 weeks after immersion, the blocks were scrubbed free of sessile life and live coral fragments were attached. Benthic and fish communities were monitored on five randomly selected artificial reefs and on nearby control reefs. | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral cover on artificial reef modules increased from a mean of 24% 1 year after the initial attachment of Acropora spp. coral fragments to 64% after 3 years. The artificial reef modules were also rapidly colonized by coral recruits, with densities nearly twice as high as recruit densities on natural reef substratum and with at least 23 coral taxa. The artificial reefs also supported at least 29 reef fish species from 11 families. | Lessons reported: Other benefits of this project included raising the awareness of reef conservation in the local community, promotion of tourism on Pulau Weh and job creation. We conclude, therefore, that habitat creation has a legitimate role as part of an integrated marine conservation strategy. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restoring the underwater habitat at SEA Restaurant, Antara, Kihavah: Phase II | Technique: Coral Gardening, Substrate addition, substrate stabilisation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Porites, Diploastrea, Gardineroseris, Physogyra, Psammocora, Pavona, Astreopora, Acropora, Favia, Favites, Platygyra, Lobophyllia, Symphyllia, Leptastrea, Goniopora, Goniastrea, Sarcophyton, Lobophyt… | Method: Transplanting corals from other parts of the reef onto the reef slope outside of the windows of the restaurant. It appears many of the corals were large and heavy enough to maintain stability and location. Other corals were then wedged in between the larger corals | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 95% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Key outcomes: large influx of other reef organisms, especially motile fish and invertebrates by providing refuge and feeding areas. Added benefit of concentrating organisms such that the potential of successful reproduction during the annual spawning period is maximized, which has greater benefits for surrounding reefs and is likely to contribute to a faster recovery from the 2016 bleaching event. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Akaryn Samui Coral Revitalization Project | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reef, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Construction of metal frames filled with reef rubble to assist in stabilising and weighing down the structures Transplant corals onto metal frames. | Authors' conclusion: Quantitative outcomes: 500 corals transplanted, 14 coral species, 36 fish species | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Building a coral reef in southeast Florida: Combining technology and aesthetics. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: ship grounding | Genera: n/a | Method: Concrete balls were cast into hollow dome shapes, and fragmented corals were cemented onto the domes. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 87.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 120 months | Authors' conclusion: The concrete domes show no signs of deterioration after 10 years, and a high proportion of transplanted corals survived. Furthermore, a large number of hard and soft-coral recruits have settled onto the domes. The fish community was intermediate compared to a natural reef patch and the sea floor after 10 years. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Reef restoration using seawater electrolysis in Jamaica | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: n/a | Method: Electrodes were connected to corals transplanted onto artificial reef structures. Artificial reefs of varying sizes placed in a variety of locations. | Authors' conclusion: A highly diverse coral reef community established itself on the mineral accretion structures. A large variety of adult and juvenile fish have been permanent or temporary residents. | Lessons reported: The geometry of the structure appears to strongly affect the type of species recruited. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The Coral Reef Rehabilitation Project | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Corals of opportunity are transplanted onto coral reef frames called 'spiders' that are connected together to form a matrix. | Authors' conclusion: 8645 coral 'spiders', significant increases in fish stocks, which provides both food security and job opportunities for many locals. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Israel Jordan Reef Restoration | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: yes | Method: 5 artificial reefs added to the reef environment | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: AIm to remove the pressure from over a million divers each year which this project appears to be doing | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Community Reef Restoration Efforts | Technique: Coral gardening - Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Method: Outplanting coral fragments grown in nurseries (see above record) | Authors' conclusion: MPAs now have 500% more live coral cover and 50% greater species richness of coral than adjacent fished areas, little to no seaweeds, and 30% more food fish, 50% more species of food fish, and 500% more biomass of food fish than the adjacent fished areas, LCC, Species richness, fish abundance and biomass | Lessons reported: Simple asexual coral propagation methods can be quickly learned and effectively implemented by community members for coral restoration efforts. Corals in the genus Acropora, though often utilized in restoration efforts, have been those that are most susceptible to disease and predator damage. Propagating a variety of genera intermixed throughout the nursery helps reduce predation and improves ove… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Multivariate responses of the coral reef fish community to artificial structures and coral transplants | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora | Method: The effects of artificial structures and coral transplants on fish abundance, number of species, and community composition were examined during a two-year study at three locations. Three experimental treatments (10 x 10 m rubble plots (a.) left untreated, (b.) covered with concrete structures, and (c.) covered with a combination of structures and coral fragments) were monitored using monthly underwater visual censuses. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: At the site with the lowest coral cover and structural complexity in the ambient reef, fish community responses were most marked, with an 8-fold increase in fish abundance in the Structures + Corals treatment compared to the untreated rubble plot. At the other two sites, abundance and number of species in the experimental treatments did not surpass that of the natural plots. | Lessons reported: Reef context is important in the selection of appropriate restoration measures. Results may differ depending on condition of the ambient reef. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Aleenta Phuket Coral Barrier Reef Project | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reef, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Construction of box shaped metal cages filled with reef rubble to act as a sort of breakwater/barrier. Transplant corals onto metal frames. Modules cable tied together to create a larger structure. | Authors' conclusion: Quantitative outcomes: 1000 corals transplanted, 11 coral species, 39 fish species | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Effects of pile size of artificial reefs on the standing stocks of fishes. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: n/a | Method: Underwater investigations were conducted at three established AR habitats. All artificial habitats were established by reef units of 2-m3 hollow concrete cubes with holes in them. These ARs were mostly situated on extensive areas of sandy sea floor at 20–30m depth. At each site, various arrangements of reef units were available. Fish communities were surveyed with timed dives (40 min). | Authors' conclusion: Resident fish species tended to increase until the pile reached a size of 20–30 reef units. Thereafter, the increase in biomass slowed, and maximum biomass would eventually be reached only with a further increase in the pile size. | Lessons reported: Predictions of the efficiency of unit reefs for different pile sizes indicate that a pile consisting of 4–10 units of this type of reef would be most effective in terms of biomass of residents. Nevertheless, a size of 15 units is recommended when the behaviour of visiting fish species is taken into account. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The use of artificial reefs in enhancing fish communities in Singapore | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: n/a | Method: An artificial reef consisting of a tyre reef and a concrete reef was established in the vicinity of the southern islands of Singapore, and fish communities were surveyed. | Post-restoration monitoring: 18 months | Authors' conclusion: The artificial reef resulted in an increase in numbers of juvenile and adult fishes. The dominant fish families were Pomacentridae, Labridae, Chaetodontidae, Apogonidae, Gobiidae and Nemipteridae. The artificial reefs also serve as a nursery ground for some species (e.g. Neopomacentrus sp.). Greater numbers of 'target' (food-important) fishes were observed at the concrete reef while the tyre reef harboured more juveniles and smaller sized adults. | Lessons reported: The concrete modules were more effective than the tyre reef in terms of fish abundance per unit volume. Such structures can enhance the biological resources of relatively unproductive areas. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Antigua Maiden Island Reef Restoration | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Deploy 1000+ modular reef balls, transplant corals of opportunity, stabilise loose live coral rock by attaching it to the reef balls. | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: The combination of all the latest successfully proven marine restoration techniques in this project has created a complete ecosystem. Volunteer teams documented 73 fish species, 71 invertebrates spp., 30 corals spp. and 26 algal spp. (plus a turtle) now on the reef. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The effect of coral restoration on Caribbean reef fish communities | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Surveys of fish, environmental conditions, benthic seafloor characteristics, and rugosity were conducted on outplanted plots and control plots without outplants. | Post-restoration monitoring: 7 months | Authors' conclusion: Outplanting A. cervicornis increased rugosity as well as the benthic coral cover. Outplanting was a main predictor of increased fish densities and diversity in this study, with fish responding quickly to the added rugosity and increase in A. cervicornis benthic cover. | Lessons reported: These results demonstrate the early stages of fish colonization after outplanting A. cervicornis, providing insight into how restoration can cause rapid change in fish abundance, richness, and community composition. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Fish assemblage on natural versus vertical artificial reefs: the rehabilitation perspective. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: n/a | Method: The fish assemblage (abundance, species richness, species composition) established around the oil jetties of Eilat (northern Red Sea, Israel) was compared to those found in three adjacent natural reef habitats: two in a nature reserve (one shallow and one deep) and a third deep site located near the city. | Authors' conclusion: Both species richness and abundance were significantly higher around the vertical structures of the jetty's pillars than at all three natural sites, with the lowest values at the site closest to the city. The higher species richness at the jetties may be explained by (1) the vertical relief and high complexity of the jetty which o€ffers a variety of niches for both shallow and deep coral reef species, and (2) by the reduction in available niches at the natural sites as a result of coral destruction due to anthropogenic activity. | Lessons reported: Vertical structures are more attractive to fish settlement and recruitment than moderately sloped bottoms. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Reef restoration using seawater electrolysis in Jamaica | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: Acropora, Porites | Method: Electrodes were connected to corals transplanted onto artificial reef structures. Artificial reefs of varying sizes placed in a variety of locations. | Authors' conclusion: A highly diverse coral reef community established itself on the mineral accretion structures. A large variety of adult and juvenile fish have been permanent or temporary residents. | Lessons reported: The geometry of the structure appears to strongly affect the type of species recruited. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The role of habitat creation in coral reef conservation: a case study from Aceh, Indonesia | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Tsunami | Genera: Acropora, Montipora, Pavona, Cyphastrea, Favia, Favites, Porites, Pocillopora, Seriatopora, Stylophora, Psammocora, Stylocoeniella, Millepora | Method: The artificial reefs consisted of concrete modules placed on the seabed of sand and rubble at depths of 2–9 m. Each module was c. 1.25 m2 and there were c. 260 modules in total. Once oysters had recruited to the blocks, c. 4–6 weeks after immersion, the blocks were scrubbed free of sessile life and live coral fragments were attached. Benthic and fish communities were monitored on five randomly selected artificial reefs and on nearby control reefs. | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral cover on artificial reef modules increased from a mean of 24% 1 year after the initial attachment of Acropora spp. coral fragments to 64% after 3 years. The artificial reef modules were also rapidly colonized by coral recruits, with densities nearly twice as high as recruit densities on natural reef substratum and with at least 23 coral taxa. The artificial reefs also supported at least 29 reef fish species from 11 families. | Lessons reported: Other benefits of this project included raising the awareness of reef conservation in the local community, promotion of tourism on Pulau Weh and job creation. We conclude, therefore, that habitat creation has a legitimate role as part of an integrated marine conservation strategy. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Le Meridien Koh Samui Shoreline Enhancement Project | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reef, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Transplant corals onto metal frames and pieces of reef rubble, algae removal undertaken | Authors' conclusion: Quantitative outcomes: 400 corals transplanted, 3 coral species, 36 fish species | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Community-based coral reef restoration | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reefs, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Corals of opportunity transplanted onto Ecoreefs. 300 were installed. EcoReefs are made of micro-porous non-toxic ceramic stoneware glued using marine epoxy to make snowflake like structures. They are pH neutral and do not leach toxins. Corals are tied to the structures using cable ties or wire | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: the small demonstration reef is flourishing with both transplanted and naturally recruited corals. A variety of benthic invertebrates and a wide range of fish species are also among the new recruits. | Lessons reported: branching design of the modules allows you to fasten and orient transplanted coral fragments with nothing more than a simple cable tie. Experience shows that transplanted fragments will quickly cement to the structure by laying down living tissue over the ceramic spines and will resume growth in a matter of weeks. To further enhance coral recruitment, settling plates at the center of each module … | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Pilot study of fragments on rubble. Fragments relocated and scattered over rubble. Coral cover and fish communities surveyed and compared to controls. | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral cover increased at site from 2.2% to 24.5%, with a concomitant increase in fish abundance from 17 fish in control plot, to 13 in restored plot. 75% of coral were attached to the substrate or each other. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: An evaluation of artificial reef structures as tools for marine habitat rehabilitation in the Maldives. | Technique: Substrate addition - artificial reef, transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Coral mining | Genera: Acropora, Astreopora, Cyphastrea, Favia, Favites, Galaxea, Goniastrea, Heliopora, Hydnophora, Leptastrea, Lobophyllia, Montastrea, Montipora, Pavona, Pocillopora, Porites, Psammocora, Symphyllia | Method: Corals were transplanted onto some of the artificial reef structures (above) to test whether transplantation would accelerate reef recovery. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 50% | Post-restoration monitoring: 42 months | Authors' conclusion: Twenty-nine months after transplantation, 41–59% of corals still survived on the concrete mattresses. | Lessons reported: Coral transplantation was a costly and time-consuming activity of doubtful efficacy. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The Koh Tao Scuba-Diving Coral Reef Project | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reef, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Metal frames more like coral nurseries have been created on to which corals are transplanted using cable ties. Heavy steel structures held in place by their weight | Authors' conclusion: Quantitative outcomes: 500 corals transplanted, 12 coral species, 46 fish species | Lessons reported: see comments above | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Pumuteran Bay Biorock Project | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Metal structures deployed to plant coral onto. | Authors' conclusion: Year 2000 hardly any coral growth or fish.With the help of village and use of biorock the area was transformed. Many different corals and a variety of fish. As the corals grew, so did the fish population Since 2001 the village of Pemutaran has implemented ban on damaging fishing practices and a ban on all fishing around the Biorock structures resulting in an increase in fish stock in the bay benefiting the fisherman and the whole village. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restoring the underwater habitat at SEA Restaurant, Antara, Kihavah: Phase III | Technique: Coral Gardening, Substrate addition, substrate stabilisation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Porites, Diploastrea, Gardineroseris, Physogyra, Psammocora, Pavona, Astreopora, Acropora, Favia, Favites, Platygyra, Lobophyllia, Symphyllia, Leptastrea, Goniopora, Goniastrea, Sarcophyton, Lobophyt… | Method: Transplanting corals from other parts of the reef onto the reef slope outside of the windows of the restaurant. It appears many of the corals were large and heavy enough to maintain stability and location. Other corals were then wedged in between the larger corals | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Maintenance of the restored reef and nursery area is critical to ensure long-term survival. Efforts should focus on removal of pest species (snails and cushion starfish), removal of any corals that succumb to disease, and cleaning of the nursery ropes to eliminate algae and colonizing invertebrates. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Community-based coral reef restoration and education program | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reefs, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Corals of opportunity transplanted onto Ecoreefs. 600 EcoReefs are made of micro-porous non-toxic ceramic stoneware glued using marine epoxy to make snowflake like structures. Corals are tied to the structures using cable ties or wire | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Update - 2014 - In October, Seacology program managers visited the Tres Marias site and saw that almost ten years after the artificial reef units were installed, they are barely visible because they are covered with healthy coral. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Transforming and degraded reef: The Aquabar Snorkel Trail | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: These corals and other invertebrates were collected from non-reefal habitats, areas undergoing sand extraction, reef flat communities that were exposed at low tide and 2 lagoonal patch reefs. Dead coral rubble was collected and coalesced into a base for the trail. | Post-restoration monitoring: 1 months | Authors' conclusion: The new snorkel trail was created solely using corals that were rescued and would otherwise die. Many of the corals were infested with coral predators, and these were removed, saving the corals from inevitable death. In addition to the snorkel trail, we created the largest rope nursery in the Maldives which contains more coral fragments than any other nurseries we have established around Dhigu to date. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Use of artificial reef structures to rehabilitate reef flats degraded by coral mining in the Maldives | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Coral mining | Genera: Pocillopora, Acropora, Porites | Method: Concrete reef structures were deployed on a 1-2 m deep reef flat in the Maldives which was mined for coral. Fish and benthic communities were monitored. | Post-restoration monitoring: 15 months | Authors' conclusion: All structures were rapidly colonized by fish; the most structurally complex hosted fish abundance and species richness similar to undisturbed reef sites. However, the fish community structure was still markedly dissimilar to that of undegraded reef-flat sites. Structures were initially colonized by filamentous green algae (7 days), then barnacles (14 days), and subsequently by a diverse invertebrate community (6-8 weeks). First coral recruits were observed 6.5 months after emplacement. | Lessons reported: Higher structural complexity of artificial reefs will attract higher density and diversity of organisms. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: An evaluation of artificial reef structures as tools for marine habitat rehabilitation in the Maldives. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef, Substrate stabilisation | Disturbance addressed: Coral mining | Genera: Pocillopora, Acropora, Porites | Method: 360 t of concrete structures of varying levels of topographic complexity, stabilising effect and cost were deployed on a heavily mined study site close to the capital island, Male´. | Post-restoration monitoring: 42 months | Authors' conclusion: Within 1 year of deployment, the artificial reef structures had similar or greater species richness and densities of reef fish than did control pristine reef flats. Substantial coral recruitment had occurred on the larger reef structures which were each supporting ca. 500 colonies, some of which were approaching 25 cm in diameter after 3.5 years. | Lessons reported: Concrete artificial reef structures can satisfy the critical biological requirements (i.e. provide substrate for the settlement and growth of corals and habitat to restore reef fish populations) associated with reef rehabilitation. However, artificial reef structures are costly, time consuming and unlikely to simulate natural reefs for decades. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Funafuti Atoll coral reef restoration project (Republic of Tuvalu). - Baseline report | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Coral transplantation experiment. Partial coral colonies (?) moved to sandy area and placed on sandy bottom to mimic patch reefs | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 74% | Post-restoration monitoring: 15 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival after 15 months, followed by a 'major mortality' at 15 months (percent not reported). Cause of mortality event unknown. Juvenile fish densities and diversity increased | Lessons reported: Avoid transplanting at times when high seasonal temperature stress is likely (ie during summer). Select a site free from human caused disturbances | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Intact coral colonies (from pilot study?) were translocated onto sandy areas to investigate mortality and fish recruitment | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 95% | Post-restoration monitoring: 3 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival of entire colonies. Fish recruitment was higher n colones location >20 m from a reef, compared to those located <2m from a reef. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Effectiveness of coral relocation as a mitigation strategy in Kāne‘ohe Bay, Hawai‘i. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Dredging | Genera: Porites, Montipora | Method: Removal of coral from a navigation channel and relocation to a similar nearby dredged site occurred in 2005. Coral recovery at the donor site and changes in fish populations at the receiving site were tracked periodically over the following decade. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 90% | Post-restoration monitoring: 132 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral regrowth at the donor site was rapid until a recent bleaching event reduced coral cover by more than half. The transplant of mature colonies increased spatial complexity at the receiving site, immediately increasing fish biomass, abundance, and species that was maintained throughout subsequent surveys. | Lessons reported: Corals transplanted into wave-protected areas with similar conditions as the original site can have high survival rates. Data on long-term monitoring of coral transplants in diverse environments is central in developing management and mitigation strategies. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Memphis Grounding Restoration | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Rubble removal preceded, One hundred-sixty small (1.13 m) Reef Balls® were organized into 40, 4-module reef units (quads), each in a square configuration with 3-m sides. Each quad had ReefBalls with one of four attractant treatments: iron, limestone, coral transplants, or plain concrete (control). Each ReefBall had two standardized settlement plates incorporating one of the attractant treatments. Innovative use of coral cores of nearby massive species were collected and transplanted onto the re… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 82% | Post-restoration monitoring: 30 months | Authors' conclusion: The results of this experimental, hypothesis-driven study highlight the interaction of biotic and abiotic ecosystem components and indicate the need for a broad, ecosystem approach to restoration rather than a myopic single-organism approach. The species-specific differences in transplant growth and mortality indicate that species selection must be an important considered in future coral reef restoration efforts. The unanticipated species-specific difference in mortality also indicates the need for an adaptive-management approach to restoration. | Lessons reported: the dramatic difference in survival and growth between M. cavernosa and M. meandrites transplants clearly indicates that species selection and potential species-specific responses to transplant methodology (e.g. coring) must be critical considerations in future coral reef restoration efforts. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral reef restoration through coral transplantation: the case of Duka Bay, Medina, Misamis Oriental. Manila. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: n/a | Method: Cement blocks (10 x 16 x 56 cm) were placed on disturbed reef, and coral fragments sourced from nearby reef transplanted. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: The transplanted corals grew faster than their donor colonies, and 24 species of fish were recorded at the transplantation sites at the conclusion of the experiment (2 years). The 'restored' sites became popular tourist attractions, generating income for the nearby resort and village. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Effects of coral transplantation and giant clam restocking on the structure of fish communities on degraded patch reefs | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora, Heliopora, Tubipora, Millepora | Method: Coral fragments (>15 cm) attached to individual cement blocks (20 x 20 x 5cm) and assembled to create patch reef consisting of 100 fragments | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 72% | Post-restoration monitoring: 10 months | Authors' conclusion: 72% of transplanted corals in the coral only treatments survived, however no fragments survived in the coral + clam treatments. Fish species richness and abundance increased significantly on coral patch reefs compared to controls. The authors conclude that restoration efforts can rapidly have positive effects on reef fish communities | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: A first endeavour in restoring denuded, post-bleached reefs in Tanzania | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: Bleaching | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora, Porites, Millepora | Method: 6912 and 7110 corals were transplanted onto reefs denuded from bleaching. In each site, 12 plots (36 m2 each) were set up, of which three were transplanted with a mix of three Acropora spp, three with a mix of six scleractinian species, and six served as controls within non-transplanted areas. Monitoring recorded bleached colonies, detached transplants, survival rates, size, fish surveys, and recruitment of selected invertebrates. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 57.975% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: After one year no significant difference was documented in ecological volumes between treatments, but there were large differences between species in the first treatment. Fish density and coral recruitment increased significantly. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Experimental Assessment of Coral Reef Rehabilitation Following Blast Fishing. 19:98–107. | Technique: Substrate Stabilisation | Disturbance addressed: Destructive fishing | Genera: n/a | Method: Large scale experiment testing rock piles in four types of configuration, designed to limit encroachment by rubble: 1) complete coverage, 2) rock piles, 3) spur and groove parallel to current, 4) spur and groove perpendicular to current | Post-restoration monitoring: 72 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral cover, recruit size and fish abundance/diversity was higher on restored sites, compared to control sites. No clear data on different substrate enhancement types. High variability in success of various substrates stabilisation techniques between sites and stabilisation types. Success was highest at moderate current sites, compared to sites with high or low current. | Lessons reported: Some heavier corals stopped being supported by the rubble piles - stabilisation of piles may be needed to ensure longevity. Technique only relevant where access to quarried rocks is relatively easy and cheap. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Testing animal-assisted cleaning prior to transplantation in coral reef restoration. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora | Method: Testing animal-assisted cleaning on nursery corals prior to transplantation. Cleaning stations consisting of nursery ropes carrying corals and biofouling organisms, set at 0.3 m, 2 m, 4 m, 6 m and 8 m from the seabed, were placed at both the transplantation (treatment) site and the nursery (control) site. Remote GoPro video cameras recorded fish feeding at the nursery ropes without human disturbance. | Authors' conclusion: A reef fish assemblage of 32 species from 4 trophic levels (18.8% herbivores, 18.8% omnivores, 59.3% secondary consumers and 3.1% carnivores) consumed 95% of the barnacles on the coral nursery ropes placed 0.3 m above the seabed. Using this cleaning station, coral dislodgement was reduced from 16% to zero. | Lessons reported: This cleaning station technique could be included as a step prior to coral transplantation on the basis of location specific fish assemblages and during the early nursery phase of sexually produced juvenile corals. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Soneva Kiri Coral Garden Project | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reef, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Transplant corals onto metal frames and pieces of reef rubble. Reef rubble used to weigh down and fill in the base of the metal frames Modules cable tied together to create a larger structure. Youtube Video: The Soneva Kiri Coral Garden was set up by Coral Reef Creator's Team in Koh Kood - Thailand in October 2011. About 2000 coral fragments where grafted on this news coral reef ecosystem. This movie was released in January 2013. You can see the result 15 months after coral transplantation. | Authors' conclusion: Quantitative outcomes:2000 corals transplanted, 27 coral species, 69 fish species | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Development of benthic and fish assemblages on artificial reef materials compared to adjacent natural reef assemblages in Miami-Dade County, Florida. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Construction | Genera: Not reported | Method: A long-term monitoring program was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of different artificial reef materials as mitigation for natural reef impacts. Benthic and fish assemblages on the modules, boulders, and two adjacent natural reefs were monitored and compared. | Post-restoration monitoring: 60 months | Authors' conclusion: The natural reef areas showed stable fish and benthic populations throughout the survey period. During the first 4 yrs, the benthic assemblages on the artificial reefs changed significantly, with increasing density and diversity, and increasing similarity to the natural reef areas. After 5 yrs, the the benthic assemblages on the artificial reef materials appear to be stabilizing. In contrast, fish assemblages differed significantly between the two different artificial reef materials as well as between the artificial and natural reefs. | Lessons reported: Differences in the physical characteristics between artificial and natural reef materials (i.e., shape, relief, cryptic space, etc.) have and will continue to affect the extent to which the reefs can become similar. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Optimizing the productivity of a coral nursery focused on staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: The authors applied 3 experimental treatments to 12 nursery-reared staghorn corals: 25, 50, or 75% of the colony’s biomass was removed and fragmented to create additional, smaller fragments. Four colonies served as unfragmented controls. Growth and colony productivity (the ratio of new tissue growth to initial colony size) were monitored. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 100% | Post-restoration monitoring: 2.9 months | Authors' conclusion: Treatment had no effect on colony productivity or the rate at which colonies developed new branches. | Lessons reported: 75% of the biomass of staghorn colonies may be removed without affecting their growth. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Community-based, low-tech method of restoring a lost thicket of Acropora corals. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Developing a cost-effective restoration method that is simple and low-tech enough to involve the local community. Fragments staked into sand, in tow treatments: high (6 fragments m-2) and low density (3 fragments m-2) coral. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 78.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 19 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral transplantation sites increased in coral cover from 0% to 24 and 54% in low and high density treatments respectively. Transplants had grownsignificnalty over 19 months. Fish abundance increased by 50% on high density treatments compared to low density and control plots. Macroinvertebrate abundance also increased in both transplantation plots compared to control plots. | Lessons reported: Pick a species that is known to survive in your restoration area. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Koh Tao Coral Restoration Project | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reef, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Implemented by CRC team on February 2010 off the southern tip of Koh Tao Island, this Coral Conservation Program shows excellent results. Before reef modules installation and coral transplantation, the implementation area was a deserted field of dead corals. More than 4.5 years after its creation and thanks to the local community involvement, this coral reef is the permanent shelter of an amazing marine biodiversity. | Post-restoration monitoring: 54 months | Authors' conclusion: Quantitative outcomes:800 corals transplanted, 24 coral species, 61 fish species | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral transplantation effects on fish and benthic community structure at a naturally damaged coral reef | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: Bleaching | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora | Method: The project aimed to restore the structural complexity of an 1998-El Nino damaged coral reef with bleaching-resistant species resembling the natural coral community of the Seychelles’ inner granitic islands. The experimental design included a control healthy (H) site, a control degraded (D) and the transplanted site (T). The H site was included to quantify differences in reef fish and benthic community structures between D and T sites and how they compare to a reference healthy coral reef. | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: The H site was included to quantify differences in reef fish and benthic community structures between D and T sites and how they compare to a reference healthy coral reef. Preliminary data analysis revealed that coral cover, coral and fish diversity and abundance were highest at H site and lowest at D site. The T site values were located between the H site and the D site. | Lessons reported: Not reported in the abstract | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Reef fishes recruited at midwater coral nurseries consume biofouling and reduce cleaning time in Seychelles, Indian Ocean | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora, Stylophora, Acanthastrea, Astreopora, Coscinaraea, Cyphastrea, Dipsastraea, Favites, Galaxea, Goniastrea, Goniopora, Hydnophora, Lobophyllia, Astrae, Montastrea, Pavona, Platyg… | Method: Deployed midwater net nurseries with coral fragments of mixed growth form. Observed nursery-associated fish assemblages with GoPro. Nurseries were then emptied and the fish surveys repeated. | Post-restoration monitoring: 7 months | Authors' conclusion: The density of blue-yellow damselfish Pomacentrus caeruleus was 12–16 times higher when corals were present than when corals were removed. Fish assemblages recruited into the nurseries included three trophic levels, from herbivores to omnivores, in six families: Ephippidae, Pomacentridae, Labridae (Scarinae), Gobiidae, Siganidae and Monacanthidae. Higher abundance of large fish (total number of individuals) resulted in 2.75 times less person-hours spent in nursery cleaning. | Lessons reported: Coral nurseries that attract recruiting fishes take less time and effort to clean, because the fish eat the algae and fouling organisms. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Re-establishment of fish populations on a reef flat degraded by coral quarrying in the Maldives | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Coral mining | Genera: n/a | Method: Four sets of artificial structures of varying structural complexity were deployed into three replicate 5 x 10 m sites, each positioned at the centre of a 50 x 50 m grid square. The four types of structures were: (1) one-cubic-metre SHED (Shephard Hill Energy Dissipator) hollow concrete blocks, modified with infills to reduce internal space, (2) Armorflex-220 flexible concrete mattresses (62 m2), (3) Armorflex onto which corals were transplanted (36 m2), and (4) chain-link fencing anchored by pa… | Post-restoration monitoring: 16 months | Authors' conclusion: Within one year of emplacement, the three sets of structures with higher topographic complexity were supporting fish communities of similar species richness and higher density than undisturbed control reefs. However, after one year the fish species composition was significantly different from that in undisturbed reefs. | Lessons reported: Structures with higher topographic complexity are more successful at attracting fish on degraded reefs. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Museo Subacuático de Arte | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: TO reduce pressure on surrounding reefs this artificial reef was constructed. Corals attached only to some structures. Not all. | Post-restoration monitoring: 60 months | Authors' conclusion: The Cancun Marine Park is one of the most visited stretches of water in the world with over 750,000 visitors each year, placing immense pressure on its resources. The location of the sculptures promotes the recovery of the natural reefs at it relieves pressure on them by drawing visitors away. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Growth of certain corals, molluscs and fish in artificial reefs in the Philippines. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: Acropora, Dendrophyllia, Favia, Pocillopora, Seriatopora, Stylophora, Millepora | Method: Three artificial reefs were established using used car tires, and monitored for 30 months. | Post-restoration monitoring: 30 months | Authors' conclusion: Seven genera of corals, and multiple species of non-mobile molluscs recruited and grew on the artificial reefs. Two species of fish targeted by local fishermen were present at the artificial reef sites, at sufficient numbers to sustain fishing. | Lessons reported: Recruited corals more likely to attach to concrete bases rather than rubber tire, suggesting concrete is a better recruitment substrate for coral planula. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Evolution of a semi-artificial reef built by transplanting coral heads | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Psammocora, Stylophora, Acropora, Montipora, Pavona, Leptoseris, Fungia, Porites, Goniopora, Alveopora, Favia, Favites, Goniastrea, Platygyra, Leptastrea, Cyphastrea, Echinopora, Echinophyllia, Myced… | Method: Eleven coral heads were translocated to a bare sandy area to test effectiveness of artificial reef development. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 64% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival and colonization rates led to a developing benthic community, 150 fishes belonging to 35 species were counted after 1 year. | Lessons reported: Preliminary ageing of new material is necessary to encourage colonization | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Fish Colonization of an Artificial Reef in the Gulf of Eilat, Northern Red Sea. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: n/a | Method: An artificial reef structure was placed 300m offshore at a depth of 22–24 m, at a distance of 20–50m from an existing, severely damaged natural reef. The artificial reef consisted of seven metal structures: a circular bellows; a cylinder shaped heat exchanger unit, two metal construction beams, and four amphibian vehicles. Fish communities were surveyed for 2 years. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: The colonization of fishes was initially rapid and a total of 94 species was recorded. In the first seven months, a gradual increase in the number of species was observed, after which it leveled off. | Lessons reported: The low complexity of the major components of the artificial reef, in addition to its location on a muddy, silty substrate, resulted in a constant cover of fine grain particles which presumably discouraged settlement of invertebrates and small cryptic fish species on the artificial reef. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.