Published as: Enhanced larval supply and recruitment can replenish reef corals on degraded reefs. | Technique: Larval Enhancement | Genera: Acropora | Method: Gravid colonies of A. tenuis were collected and placed in aquaria ex situ, until spawning. The gametes were collected and placed in a fertilisation container with filtered seawater. Developing embryos were then transferred to rearing tanks, until competent. Competent larvae were then transferred into a bag for transportation to restoration site. Larvae were introduced into mesh tents (size??) placed on the reef, and maintained for 5 days, to allow larval settlement to occur. Settlement tiles ( … | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: High mortality in the first 5 months of settled spats (Type III survival curve), both on tiles and on natural substrate within the larval enhancement plots. Survivorship stabilised after 9 months, with very low mortality of coral colonies past 1 year. Coral colonies grew and many reached reproductive size after 3 years (avg ~16 cm in 3 years). The results illustrate the importance of early rapid growth to reach a size where survival is more likely. | Lessons reported: Authors note that method is only suitable in locations where environmental conditions are suitable for reef corals to grow, but natural recruitment is limited. Furthermore, chronic disturbances and key threats must be effectively managed. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Manta Reef Restoration Project | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs, Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Install metal structures into the shape of a Manta Ray. The structuresuse mineral accretion and are placed on sandy sea bed and corals of opportunity of transplanted onto the structures | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: In summary, the conclusion at the end of one year is: Study site 2013 / 2014: Increased in number of species 195.5% Increased number of families 133.3% Increased in the average number of individuals per 100m² of 1501.1% In 2014 there was a relationship between the control site and the study site of: 238.9% by number of species 153.8% by number of families 2483.6% in average number of individuals per 100m² Transplanted corals : 1400 Number of species: 26 | Lessons reported: Our artificial reefs are designed primarily for the purpose of providing habitat for marine wildlife, making it possible to re-grow faster ecosystem and a solid substrate for corals to grow in the best conditions possible. We use various restoration techniques and different substrates to be the most suitable possible to the area identified. It creates, protects and regenerate the local ecosystem,… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Evolution of a semi-artificial reef built by transplanting coral heads | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Psammocora, Stylophora, Acropora, Montipora, Pavona, Leptoseris, Fungia, Porites, Goniopora, Alveopora, Favia, Favites, Goniastrea, Platygyra, Leptastrea, Cyphastrea, Echinopora, Echinophyllia, Myced… | Method: Eleven coral heads were translocated to a bare sandy area to test effectiveness of artificial reef development. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 64% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival and colonization rates led to a developing benthic community, 150 fishes belonging to 35 species were counted after 1 year. | Lessons reported: Preliminary ageing of new material is necessary to encourage colonization | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Modeling and monitoring tools to assess recovery status and convergence rates between restored and undisturbed coral reef habitats | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Ship grounding | Genera: Porites | Method: Use field monitoring and modelling or resulting data to evaluate the status of two restoration projects established in 1995, 6 years after two freighters ran aground on reefs Marine Sanctuary. A population model was developed for the coral Porites astreoides to project the convergence rates of coral abundance and population size structure between the restored and surrounding reference habitats. | Post-restoration monitoring: 72 months | Authors' conclusion: Species richness in general, and abundance of P. astreoides were nearly indistinguishable between the restoration structures and reference habitats after only 6 years. However, according to the model, maximum coral size will take twice as long to converge for this species. The model has high sensitivity to maximum recruitment rates. | Lessons reported: The level of success of a restoration effort (rates of convergence) were also influenced by the characteristics of the reference population - reference populations ought to be considered a “moving target” against which restoration success has to be measured dynamically. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Assisted fertilization of threatened Staghorn Coral to complement the restoration of nurseries in Southeastern Dominican Republic | Technique: Larval Enhancement | Genera: Acropora | Method: Gametes were collected at spawning in situ, using traps placed over colonies. Gametes from genetically distinct colonies were mixed ex situ, and fertilised eggs removed and kept in 12L buckets. four types of substrates were introduced into buckets as larval stage was reached: 1) cleaned rock (year 1), 2) conditioned cement block 3) red cement block, 4) white cement block The water in buckets was replaced daily. Half the polyps were placed in aquaria, with wave makers and artificial light after … | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 10% | Post-restoration monitoring: 11 months | Authors' conclusion: Fertilization and settlement rates were 90% and 50%, respectively. The highest mortality occurred in the first 30 days, and was 10% at the end of 11 months. | Lessons reported: The procedure complements A. cervicornis restoration efforts in coral nurseries. This manuscript presents a detailed outline for restoration practitioners and managers, who can use assisted fertilization to increase genetic diversity within nurseries, as well as outplants to increase species recovery, or use assisted fertilization to increase reproductive success for sexually mature colonies. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Coral transplantation effects on fish and benthic community structure at a naturally damaged coral reef | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: Bleaching | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora | Method: The project aimed to restore the structural complexity of an 1998-El Nino damaged coral reef with bleaching-resistant species resembling the natural coral community of the Seychelles’ inner granitic islands. The experimental design included a control healthy (H) site, a control degraded (D) and the transplanted site (T). The H site was included to quantify differences in reef fish and benthic community structures between D and T sites and how they compare to a reference healthy coral reef. | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: The H site was included to quantify differences in reef fish and benthic community structures between D and T sites and how they compare to a reference healthy coral reef. Preliminary data analysis revealed that coral cover, coral and fish diversity and abundance were highest at H site and lowest at D site. The T site values were located between the H site and the D site. | Lessons reported: Not reported in the abstract | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Best practices manual for Caribbean Acropora restoration. Puntacana Ecological Foundation. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: not relevant | Method: Building hurricane resistant coral nursery tables. Tables suspend fragments ~1m above substratum to avoid smothering by sand. Built with 16mm thick metal bars, and placed in direction with the prevailing currents.Bars are joined using UV-resistant cable ties.Ropes are tied to end legs, and coral fragments attached as 'mother colonies'. | Authors' conclusion: Tables avoid problems with predators, suspended sediment and silt. Tables can support heavy weight and can therefore be used to support mother colonies. If installed correctly they can be hurricane resistant. Mother colonies grow fast on rope nursery and may only need to be trimmed once a year. | Lessons reported: Poor quality cable ties can disintegrate, tables are vulnerable to snagging on anchors. Avoid electrolysis by avoiding different metals in contact with each other (ie use plastic coated wire/trays on top of metal bars). If placed near reefs, the tables are virtually maintenance free as resident fish clean off any fouling organisms and potential predators. The rope method is primarily for the prod… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Coral reef restoration (Bolinao, Philippines) in the face of frequent natural catastrophes | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: Natural disturbances | Genera: Merulina, Montipora, Echinopora, Pocillopora, Porites, Acropora | Method: Nursery and transplantation phases hampered by (1) a category 4 typhoon (2) heavy rains; and (3) a bleaching event. This study analyzes the effects of these natural catastrophes on restoration efforts. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: The two coral nursery phases in the sheltered area of the Bolinao’s large lagoon suffered from two major environmental catastrophes: the 2006 typhoon and the 2007 bleaching events, the latter being the most devastating. The transplanted colonies withstood two more stochastic natural disturbance events and a tempestuous southwesterly monsoon season, all potentially affecting survival. Susceptibility was species-specific. | Lessons reported: In the nursery phase, consideration should be paid to depth flexible constructions and tenable species/genotypes prioritization and for transplantation acts, site/species deliberation, timing, and specific site selections should be taken into account. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Pumuteran Bay Biorock Project | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Metal structures deployed to plant coral onto. | Authors' conclusion: Year 2000 hardly any coral growth or fish.With the help of village and use of biorock the area was transformed. Many different corals and a variety of fish. As the corals grew, so did the fish population Since 2001 the village of Pemutaran has implemented ban on damaging fishing practices and a ban on all fishing around the Biorock structures resulting in an increase in fish stock in the bay benefiting the fisherman and the whole village. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Community Reef Restoration Efforts | Technique: Coral gardening - Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Method: Outplanting coral fragments grown in nurseries (see above record) | Authors' conclusion: MPAs now have 500% more live coral cover and 50% greater species richness of coral than adjacent fished areas, little to no seaweeds, and 30% more food fish, 50% more species of food fish, and 500% more biomass of food fish than the adjacent fished areas, LCC, Species richness, fish abundance and biomass | Lessons reported: Simple asexual coral propagation methods can be quickly learned and effectively implemented by community members for coral restoration efforts. Corals in the genus Acropora, though often utilized in restoration efforts, have been those that are most susceptible to disease and predator damage. Propagating a variety of genera intermixed throughout the nursery helps reduce predation and improves ove… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Comparison of three types of adhesives in attaching coral transplants to clam shell substrates | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora, Montipora, Pocillopora, Seriatopora, Stylophora, Porites, Hydnophora, Pavona, Heliopora | Method: Nubbins from 12 coral species were transplanted onto dead giant clam shells at three sites in a lagoon near Bolinao, north-western Philippines. Transplants were attached using three types of adhesives: cyanoacrylate glue (SG), epoxy putty (EP) and marine epoxy (ME) and were monitored over five months for detachment, in situ mortality and natural self-attachment by tissue growth. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 76.75% | Post-restoration monitoring: 5 months | Authors' conclusion: There were no among-adhesives differences in in situ mortality. Porites cylindrica, Pavona frondifera, Heliopora coerulea and Porites rus had the highest survivorship and displayed the highest cumulative rates of self-attachment. Species with the lowest survival rates included Acropora muricata and four pocilloporids. | Lessons reported: Results from this study highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate means of attaching corals to substrates and carefully considering species-specific traits of candidate corals for transplantation. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Restoration using Acropora cervicornis at the T/V MARGARA grounding site | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: Ship grounding | Genera: Acropora | Method: 227 fragments and 400 colonies were attached to the damaged area. | Post-restoration monitoring: 108 months | Authors' conclusion: At the restoration site, transplanted corals have survived, grown and spread to surrounding areas. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Land-based coral nurseries: A valuable tool for production and transplantation of Acropora cervicornis | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Comparison of fragments reared in in-situ and ex-situ nurseries. Survival and growth are compared in several experiments during the nursery and outplanting stages. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 90.12% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival was lower in the land-based nursery, largely due to a mechanical failure. Linear extension was lower in the land-based nursery until nursery conditions were optimized, then linear extension in the land based nursery exceeded the offshore nursery. There were no significant differences in survival or growth of fragments outplanted from a land-based nursery and an offshore nursery. Survival ranged from 85% to 100% after six months, and survival ranged from 70% to 89% after one year and the passing of two tropical storms. Small (5 cm) transplants did not have significantly lower survivor… | Lessons reported: A. cervicornis can be successfully grown in a land-based nursery, and linear extension and fragment production can be higher than in offshore nurseries if environmental conditions are maintained within optimum ranges. This experiment highlights some of the conditions that promoted high linear extension rates in this species. Large colony transplants exhibited the best survivorship and extension r… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Strategies for Gardening Denuded Coral Reef Areas: The Applicability of Using Different Types of Coral Material for Reef Restoration. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Stylophora | Method: Donor experiment: testing effects of differing amount of damage to donor colonies (10, 20, 30%), on reproductive activity. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 0% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Donor colonies with >10% damage suffered 100% mortality within a month, while colonies with 10% damage survived longer (12-17 months). Eventually 100% of colonies died. Pruning during gametogenesis immediately reduces reproductive capacity, however this is restored after 5 months? | Lessons reported: Prune less than 10% of donor colonies | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Effects of coral transplantation in sites of varying distances and environmental conditions | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora, Porites, Echinopora | Method: Whole colonies pried off using hammer and chisel. Sizes ranged up to three-fold for all species. Transferred to transplant site. Two attachment methods tested: 1) depression excavated in rock, cement mix with seawater poured in depression covering the base of the coral, 2) tied to plastic screen (1m²) nailed to surface. Each attachment equals a treatment and each was replicated three times, hence 6 plots (each 1m², with 7 or 12 colonies in each plot) per transplant site and 4 sites per location… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 57.125% | Authors' conclusion: Survivorship higher for slow-growing corals, than branching and foliose. Highest survival for A.palifera (94%) and lowest for A.microphthalma (8%); clear trend in higher survivorship in Quezon sites (62-95%) than Pangasian sites (39-16%). Growth differed between most species across all sites, highest growth rate compared to low survivorship for A. microphthalma and E. lamellosa. No growth difference between attachment method, but survival higher in cement method. Hence successful coral transplantation is both site- and species-specific. | Lessons reported: Growth and survival rates, however, should not be considered as the sole criteria in the evaluation of transplantation performance, as reproduction strategy should be taken into account. Consider broad environmental context of restoration to develop assembly rules allowing to match coral types and their sequence to each unique context. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Mediation of growth by conspecific neighbors and the effect of site in transplanted fragments of the coral Porites attenuata Nemezo in the central Philippines | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Porites | Method: Porites attenuata fragments were reciprocally transplanted between 2 reefs, one degraded and one pristine. _x0005__x001E__x0006_Fragments were either transplanted to the source site or the reciprocal site and surrounded with either dead fragments or live conspecifics. Growth, survival and indicators of health were monitored. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 90% | Post-restoration monitoring: 13 months | Authors' conclusion: Transplants from the degraded site grew slower and branched less than those from the pristine site. In Apo, fragments with live neighbors grew taller but branched less. | Lessons reported: Value of conditioning habitat prior to transplantation: start by packing fragments densely, then thin them out | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Growth and survival of coral transplants with and without electrochemical deposition of CaCo3. | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Genera: Porites, Acropora | Method: Testing how electrochemical deposition influences growth and survival of corals, using an experimental design including controls. The system was designed using a graphite anode, and a cathode made from galvanised steel mesh (10mm mesh size). The power was supplied using solar modules, and initially batteries, although these were later removed due to to corrosion. A control setup using the same cathode, and wooden blocks producing the same shading effect as the anode. Finally, control corals on … | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 83.6667% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: There was no significant difference in growth between fragments with electrochemical treatment compared to those without, in the same experimental setup. Furthermore, control colonies grew significantly faster that both treatments. However, survival and girth growth were both significantly higher in treated fragments compared to untreated. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Large coral transplantation in Bal Haf (Yemen): an opportunity to save corals during the construction of a Liquefied Natural Gas plant using innovative techniques | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Construction | Genera: Acropora, Porites, Platygyra, Stylophora, Favites, Montipora, Pavona | Method: 1,500 coral colonies belonging to 36 species and 25 genera were removed from areas to be impacted, transported and cemented in new sites. 140 large Porites spp. weighing from 200 kg up to 4 tonnes, were moved using new transplantation techniques. Growth, in situ mortality and health of the transplants were monitored over one year using photo quadrats, close-up pictures and linear growth measurements. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 89% | Post-restoration monitoring: 14 months | Authors' conclusion: Overall, survival of corals one year after transplantation was 91%. Most losses of transplants were due to sedimentation, fish predation, fisher activity and swell effects. Evidence of coral growth after transplantation was observed, especially in Acropora and Porites species, and on some faviids. | Lessons reported: The use of a screws drilled directly into the coral skeleton to fix to lifting balloons was an innovative technique to transport large corals. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Reef fishes recruited at midwater coral nurseries consume biofouling and reduce cleaning time in Seychelles, Indian Ocean | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora, Stylophora, Acanthastrea, Astreopora, Coscinaraea, Cyphastrea, Dipsastraea, Favites, Galaxea, Goniastrea, Goniopora, Hydnophora, Lobophyllia, Astrae, Montastrea, Pavona, Platyg… | Method: Deployed midwater net nurseries with coral fragments of mixed growth form. Observed nursery-associated fish assemblages with GoPro. Nurseries were then emptied and the fish surveys repeated. | Post-restoration monitoring: 7 months | Authors' conclusion: The density of blue-yellow damselfish Pomacentrus caeruleus was 12–16 times higher when corals were present than when corals were removed. Fish assemblages recruited into the nurseries included three trophic levels, from herbivores to omnivores, in six families: Ephippidae, Pomacentridae, Labridae (Scarinae), Gobiidae, Siganidae and Monacanthidae. Higher abundance of large fish (total number of individuals) resulted in 2.75 times less person-hours spent in nursery cleaning. | Lessons reported: Coral nurseries that attract recruiting fishes take less time and effort to clean, because the fish eat the algae and fouling organisms. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Successful methods for transplanting fragments of Acropora formosa and Acropora hyacinthus | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: The authors tested the effects of orientation of attachment, seasons of transplantation, and size of fragments on survival, growth, and spawning of Acropora formosa and A. hyacinthus. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 58.75% | Post-restoration monitoring: 19 months | Authors' conclusion: Vertically attached, large-sized A. formosa fragments had 98–100% survival rate after 18 months, with higher % of spawning than smaller fragments. The fragments transplanted in August exhibited better survival than those transplanted in November. The fragments that spawned had lower growth rate. Only the vertically attached fragments of A. hyacinthus fused to the substratum, and those transplanted in February showed 100% survival rate after 14 months. | Lessons reported: Seasonality of transplantation. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Reef rescuers program | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora | Method: Nursery corals transplanted to degraded reef areas | Lessons reported: Restoration does not provide resilience against bleaching | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Effectiveness of coral relocation as a mitigation strategy in Kāne‘ohe Bay, Hawai‘i. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Dredging | Genera: Porites, Montipora | Method: Removal of coral from a navigation channel and relocation to a similar nearby dredged site occurred in 2005. Coral recovery at the donor site and changes in fish populations at the receiving site were tracked periodically over the following decade. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 90% | Post-restoration monitoring: 132 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral regrowth at the donor site was rapid until a recent bleaching event reduced coral cover by more than half. The transplant of mature colonies increased spatial complexity at the receiving site, immediately increasing fish biomass, abundance, and species that was maintained throughout subsequent surveys. | Lessons reported: Corals transplanted into wave-protected areas with similar conditions as the original site can have high survival rates. Data on long-term monitoring of coral transplants in diverse environments is central in developing management and mitigation strategies. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Low-tech coral reef restoration methods modeled after natural fragmentation processes. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Factorial experiment testing the effect of substrate type and location on survival,growth and overgrowth of fragments. Fragments placed on 1) sand, 2) in contact with sand, supported by tray, 3) 5-10 cm above sand | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: 100% of fragments on sand died, while ~80% survived on trays suspended above sand. Fragments placed on rubble, or in contact with sand suffered intermediate mortality. | Lessons reported: Fragments grown suspended above sand will overgrow mesh and form a strong attachment to mesh within 2 months, however this attachment was lost within a year. Fragments on weighted frames can survive a strong hurricane. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Restoring the underwater habitat at SEA Restaurant, Antara, Kihavah: Phase III | Technique: Coral Gardening, Substrate addition, substrate stabilisation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Porites, Diploastrea, Gardineroseris, Physogyra, Psammocora, Pavona, Astreopora, Acropora, Favia, Favites, Platygyra, Lobophyllia, Symphyllia, Leptastrea, Goniopora, Goniastrea, Sarcophyton, Lobophyt… | Method: Transplanting corals from other parts of the reef onto the reef slope outside of the windows of the restaurant. It appears many of the corals were large and heavy enough to maintain stability and location. Other corals were then wedged in between the larger corals | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Maintenance of the restored reef and nursery area is critical to ensure long-term survival. Efforts should focus on removal of pest species (snails and cushion starfish), removal of any corals that succumb to disease, and cleaning of the nursery ropes to eliminate algae and colonizing invertebrates. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Rearing juvenile “corals of opportunity” in in situ nurseries – A reef rehabilitation approach for sediment-impacted environments. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Pectinia | Method: Coral juveniles (<4.5cm) collected on unstable substrate, reared in flow through aquaria ex situ . After rearing for 4-5 weeks, they were placed on PVC trays at an in situ nursery site. Coral sorted into size classes | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 81.05% | Post-restoration monitoring: 5 months | Authors' conclusion: Using juvenile COP's is a viable coral gardening strategy. No difference in survival between size classes, however larger COP's grew faster than smaller ones. Differences in growth seem to not be related to sedimentation rates | Lessons reported: Transportation stress may increase mortality. In species which stresses easily by fragmentation, using juvenile COP's may be an option that increases survival and growth. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Narrower grid structure of artificial reef enhances initial survival of in situ settled coral | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: Acropora | Method: Eight types of experimental reefs were prepared using grid plates, with four different grid sizes and four different plate arrangements at two sites. To estimate the proportions of naturally recruited corals on the experimental reefs, 10 settlement plates were set up at each site; 20–30 m from the experimental reefs. The proportions of naturally recruited corals on the experimental reefs were estimated by comparing the genetic composition of corals among the three groups: naturally recruited co… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 31.2857% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Narrower grids were the most effective; grid plates with a 2.5-cm mesh presented the highest survival rate (14%) at 6 months after settlement. | Lessons reported: Lesson for larval seeding | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Success of mass culture of Acropora corals from egg to colony in open water. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Coral larvae induced to settle inside floating plastic cages to reduce issues with sedimentation, bioerosion and coral livores. Cages also contained topshell juveniles (Trochus nilocitus) to control algae and other fouling organisms. | Post-restoration monitoring: 9 months | Authors' conclusion: Colonies inside cages grew to ~40mm in 9 months. 100% mortality in cages without trochus topsnails | Lessons reported: Including trochus top nails inside cages can control fouling organisms like algae, sponges, hydroids and tunicates. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Regional restoration benchmarks for Acropora cervicornis. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: In situ coral nurseries populated with fragments collected from donor colonies (<10% collected, donor colonies selected based on size and condition). out planted after 1 year. Donor colonies monitored for 12 months following collection. Some overlap with Johnson et al 2011 | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 88% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: No negative effects (disease, mortality, growth) on donor colonies in any location. High survival on nurseries (90.8%) and outplants (85.2). The study proposes benchmarks which can be used to assess the success of other A. cervicornis projects: -75% donor survival in first year -80% survival of nursery fragments in first year -77% survival of out planted colonies in the first year Projects within 10% of benchmarks=Green (doing well), 10-20% = yellow (some changes needed), and >20% = red (issues needs to be addressed) | Lessons reported: n/a | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Recovery in rubble fields: Long-term impacts of blast fishing. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Destructive fishing | Genera: Acropora | Method: Coral fragments were transplanted onto rubble field, testing two methods of attachment: 1) attached to rubble (unstable), 2) attached to PVC pipes driven into rubble (more stable) | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 52.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Increased survival in fragments that are stabilised (65%) compared to those attached to rubble (40%) | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Strategies for Gardening Denuded Coral Reef Areas: The Applicability of Using Different Types of Coral Material for Reef Restoration. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: Diver damage | Genera: Stylophora | Method: Transplant experiment: test survival of fragments on two sites: one highly visited by scuba divers and one protected | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 53.75% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Higher survival (83%) on protected site, compared to site with heavy scuba diving pressure (25%). Isolated branches of S. pistillata had higher survivorship than small colonies, however the small colonies grew 10 times faster than isolated branches. | Lessons reported: Small colonies can successfully be relocated from high disturbance sites into nurseries | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Memphis Grounding Restoration | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Rubble removal preceded, One hundred-sixty small (1.13 m) Reef Balls® were organized into 40, 4-module reef units (quads), each in a square configuration with 3-m sides. Each quad had ReefBalls with one of four attractant treatments: iron, limestone, coral transplants, or plain concrete (control). Each ReefBall had two standardized settlement plates incorporating one of the attractant treatments. Innovative use of coral cores of nearby massive species were collected and transplanted onto the re… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 82% | Post-restoration monitoring: 30 months | Authors' conclusion: The results of this experimental, hypothesis-driven study highlight the interaction of biotic and abiotic ecosystem components and indicate the need for a broad, ecosystem approach to restoration rather than a myopic single-organism approach. The species-specific differences in transplant growth and mortality indicate that species selection must be an important considered in future coral reef restoration efforts. The unanticipated species-specific difference in mortality also indicates the need for an adaptive-management approach to restoration. | Lessons reported: the dramatic difference in survival and growth between M. cavernosa and M. meandrites transplants clearly indicates that species selection and potential species-specific responses to transplant methodology (e.g. coring) must be critical considerations in future coral reef restoration efforts. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Coral reef restoration through coral transplantation: the case of Duka Bay, Medina, Misamis Oriental. Manila. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: n/a | Method: Cement blocks (10 x 16 x 56 cm) were placed on disturbed reef, and coral fragments sourced from nearby reef transplanted. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: The transplanted corals grew faster than their donor colonies, and 24 species of fish were recorded at the transplantation sites at the conclusion of the experiment (2 years). The 'restored' sites became popular tourist attractions, generating income for the nearby resort and village. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Experimental Assessment of Coral Reef Rehabilitation Following Blast Fishing. | Technique: Substrate Stabilisation | Disturbance addressed: Destructive fishing | Genera: n/a | Method: Mid-scale experiment, building on pilot study of stabilisation techniques on reefs damaged by dynamite fishing. Rubble piles were piled higher (70-90cm) than in pilot to prevent burial in high currents. | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral counts and cover increased substantially on rock piles compared to control sites. Some high current sites low or decreasing coral cover over time, | Lessons reported: Rock piles in areas of high water movement get covered in rubble | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Tiling the Reef--Exploring the First Step of an Ecological Engineering Tool That May Promote Phase-Shift Reversals in Coral Reefs. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: Algal phase shift | Genera: Stylophora, Pocillopora, Cyphastrea | Method: Testing the use of CD's (Compact discs) as a settlement and growing surface for coral fragments. Coral colonies were collected from the wild, from three species and ten genotypes per species, and cut into very small (similar to microfragmentation, but not called so by authors) fragments. 32 fragments attached per CD. CD's hung vertically or horizontally in mid-water nursery. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 67.1817% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: No difference in survival of fragments between horizontal and vertical CD's for S. pistillata, and Cyphastrea, however survival differed significantly between the two positions for P.damicornis. The position affected growth in the fast growing species (S.pistillata and P. damicornis), with vertical growing more than horizontal, however this was not significant for Cyphastrea sp. Overall >80% of units survived, and fast growth was observed | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Multivariate responses of the coral reef fish community to artificial structures and coral transplants | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora | Method: The effects of artificial structures and coral transplants on fish abundance, number of species, and community composition were examined during a two-year study at three locations. Three experimental treatments (10 x 10 m rubble plots (a.) left untreated, (b.) covered with concrete structures, and (c.) covered with a combination of structures and coral fragments) were monitored using monthly underwater visual censuses. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: At the site with the lowest coral cover and structural complexity in the ambient reef, fish community responses were most marked, with an 8-fold increase in fish abundance in the Structures + Corals treatment compared to the untreated rubble plot. At the other two sites, abundance and number of species in the experimental treatments did not surpass that of the natural plots. | Lessons reported: Reef context is important in the selection of appropriate restoration measures. Results may differ depending on condition of the ambient reef. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Low-tech coral reef restoration methods modeled after natural fragmentation processes. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Factorial design testing three coral varieties (A. cervicornis back and front reef varieties, A prolifera back reef variety). Line nursery on rubble zones of back reef | Post-restoration monitoring: 7 months | Authors' conclusion: Differences between varieties in survival. Survival highest in species harvested from similar habitat to nursery location. (I.E back reef variety). Front reef varieties retain growth morphology adapted to front reef conditions, even when grown under backreef conditions | Lessons reported: Line nurseries can survive a substantial hurricane, however some fragment damage is likely to occur. Fast growing branching species can be "pruned" to control growth and allow slower growing coral to catch up. This would also serve as a sustainable source of fragments. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Reef restoration using seawater electrolysis in Jamaica | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: n/a | Method: Electrodes were connected to corals transplanted onto artificial reef structures. | Authors' conclusion: In almost all cases transplanted corals healed quickly and were cemented within weeks. Transplanted corals grew skeletons at rates comparable to the highest values measured in the field, even though all sites had suboptimal water quality. | Lessons reported: Electrical currents help transplanted corals grow in sub-optimal conditions. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Long-term effects of induced mineral accretion on growth, survival and corallite properties of Porites cylindrica Dana. | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Genera: Porites | Method: Branches of Porites cylindrica were reared under the presence of mineral accretion (treated nubbins), without mineral accretion (untreated), and under undisturbed (control) conditions for 6 months (mineral accretion phase). The electricity for the treated nubbins was cut off after the sixth month, and all remaining nubbins were allowed to grow for another 6 months (post mineral accretion phase). Each treatment had three replicates resulting in a total of nine experimental grids. The replicate g… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 91.6667% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Growth enhancement occurred only during the early stages of the mineral accretion phase. There were also significant differences in girth growth between phases and between treatments as well as a significant phase by treatment interaction again indicating that significant differences between treatments occurred only during a certain phase. The treated nubbins survived better than the untreated nubbins. The corals in all treatments showed the same trend in corallite size and density after 1 year. Enhancement of growth took place only during active mineral accretion, though there were positive,… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Marine silviculture: Incorporating ecosystem engineering properties into reef restoration acts | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Stylophora, Pocillopora | Method: Transplanted 554 nursery-farmed colonies of two branching species onto five denuded knolls. The performance of the transplants was compared with 76 natural colonies and 217 colonies maintained at the coral-nursery. The corals were monitored monthly during the first 10 months, and bi-monthly for the following 7 months, altogether 17 months (533 days). Detachment, survival, partial tissue loss and fish bites recorded. Growth, commensal crab density and zoothanthellae density were also compared. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 63.4% | Post-restoration monitoring: 17 months | Authors' conclusion: The transplants, natal colonies and nursery controls had statistically different survivorship levels that differed significantly between the two species. Mortality in the Stylophora nursery control group was minimal (98.3% survival), compared to 81.3% survivorship of the natal controls. No significant differences in survivorship were documented between the transplants and the natal Stylophora colonies for the first nine months, but the transplants showed enhanced mortality levels after. After 17 months, 52.2% of Stylophora transplants survived. In contrast, no significant difference in surviv… | Lessons reported: A total of 67 person-hours were required for the preparation, transfer and transplantation of 554 colonies. Direct costs, including coral preparation and transfer, were approximately US$1.8/nursery-farmed coral. The Pocillopora nursery-‘pampered’ transplants, did not differ in survivorship, partial mortality, fish predation from the natal colonies, which represented the most successful naturally-… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Aleenta Phuket Coral Barrier Reef Project | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reef, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Construction of box shaped metal cages filled with reef rubble to act as a sort of breakwater/barrier. Transplant corals onto metal frames. Modules cable tied together to create a larger structure. | Authors' conclusion: Quantitative outcomes: 1000 corals transplanted, 11 coral species, 39 fish species | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: The feasibility of transplanting black coral (Order Antipatharia) | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Antipathes | Method: Forty black coral fragments were transplanted in five locations across Hawaii, and growth and survival measured | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 45% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: The mean height of all surviving fragments was 5.1 cm approximately 24 months after the initial survey. The mortality observed in this study was in the form of missing fragments. | Lessons reported: The microhabitat chosen for transplantation is critical. Further experiments are recommended to test for a minimum size required to transplant while minimizing the impact on the donor colonies. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Coral transplantation: Regeneration and growth of Acropora fragments in a nursery | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Acropora pulchra fragments were used in a semi protected nursery in southern Taiwan between 1996 and 1998 to test, in situ, the possible effects of different factors (origin and length of the fragments, their new orientation, presence of tissue injury, and position in the fragment) on the generation of new branches and the initial skeletal extension rates of transplants. | Post-restoration monitoring: 4 months | Authors' conclusion: All factors affected one or both aspects of coral growth (i.e., branching frequency and skeletal extension rate), and these two aspects determine the success rate of a small fragment developing into a large colony with higher survival probability. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Effects of pile size of artificial reefs on the standing stocks of fishes. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: n/a | Method: Underwater investigations were conducted at three established AR habitats. All artificial habitats were established by reef units of 2-m3 hollow concrete cubes with holes in them. These ARs were mostly situated on extensive areas of sandy sea floor at 20–30m depth. At each site, various arrangements of reef units were available. Fish communities were surveyed with timed dives (40 min). | Authors' conclusion: Resident fish species tended to increase until the pile reached a size of 20–30 reef units. Thereafter, the increase in biomass slowed, and maximum biomass would eventually be reached only with a further increase in the pile size. | Lessons reported: Predictions of the efficiency of unit reefs for different pile sizes indicate that a pile consisting of 4–10 units of this type of reef would be most effective in terms of biomass of residents. Nevertheless, a size of 15 units is recommended when the behaviour of visiting fish species is taken into account. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: The use of artificial reefs in enhancing fish communities in Singapore | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: n/a | Method: An artificial reef consisting of a tyre reef and a concrete reef was established in the vicinity of the southern islands of Singapore, and fish communities were surveyed. | Post-restoration monitoring: 18 months | Authors' conclusion: The artificial reef resulted in an increase in numbers of juvenile and adult fishes. The dominant fish families were Pomacentridae, Labridae, Chaetodontidae, Apogonidae, Gobiidae and Nemipteridae. The artificial reefs also serve as a nursery ground for some species (e.g. Neopomacentrus sp.). Greater numbers of 'target' (food-important) fishes were observed at the concrete reef while the tyre reef harboured more juveniles and smaller sized adults. | Lessons reported: The concrete modules were more effective than the tyre reef in terms of fish abundance per unit volume. Such structures can enhance the biological resources of relatively unproductive areas. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Physiological and ecological aspects of coral transplantation | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Porites | Method: The growth and mortality of transplants of two species of scleractinian corals, Porites cylindrica and P. rus were monitored over 16 months in a reef in the northwestern Philippines. Transplants were in two sizes and deployed at two depths (1 and 10 m). | Post-restoration monitoring: 16 months | Authors' conclusion: Specimens at the shallow depth had more rapid growth than the deeper ones. Light had significant effects on coral growth while temperature, salinity, water motion and sedimentation did not. Smaller corals consistently registered greater percentage increases in size as compared to the larger ones. Small transplants of P. cylindrica showed higher percentage growth rates than those of P. rus. There were no differences in transplant mortality due to size. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Success and growth of corals transplanted to cement armor mat tiles in southeast Florida: implications for reef restoration | Technique: Transplantation, Substrate stabilisation | Disturbance addressed: Construction | Genera: Siderastrea, Solenastrea, Stephanocoenia, Montastrea, Porites, Dichocoenia, Diploria, Meandrina, Montastrea, Millepora | Method: Corals were removed from an outfall pipe and transplanted onto concrete armor mat tiles used to repair the pipe. Success (number of corals still attached and alive), mortality (number of dead corals), and growth rates of the transplants were assessed. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 87% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival after 2 years was 87%, compared with seven sites of nearby natural substrate corals (83%). The two most numerous transplant species, Solenastrea bournoni and Siderastrea siderea, had comparable survival and mortality rates; however, S. bournoni had a significantly faster growth rate. | Lessons reported: Larger colonies have higher survival rates. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Differential survival of coral transplants on various substrates under elevated water temperatures | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Porites | Method: Transplants of two species were evenly distributed and attached to three different types of substrate: live coral colonies of P. cylindrica, dead coral colonies (also of P. cylindrica), and epoxy coated metal grids that were raised above the sandy substrate. Monitoring of the transplants incorporated differences in survival with temperature related stress. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 22.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 3.5 months | Authors' conclusion: Transplants of P. rus bleached more slowly and suffered less mortality than P. cylindrica. Survival was good on the metal grids (average of 35%), and on the live coral (average of 22%). It was poor on the dead coral (average of 6%). | Lessons reported: The metal grids as well as live coral tissue apparently provided a favorable substrate for the attached coral fragments, even for those of a different species. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Colonization of artificial reef materials by corals and other sessile organisms | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: Porites, Pocillopora, Montipora | Method: Benthic community development was compared on coral rock and materials used to construct artificial reefs at two sites off Oahu, Hawaii. The materials tested were concrete, car tires and metal (painted steel). In Kaneohe Bay, one series of plates was immersed in winter, another in summer. At both sites, plates were oriented horizontally, and upper and lower surfaces were examined for corals which were counted, measured, and the number of polyps recorded. Cover of sessile organisms on the Kaneoh… | Post-restoration monitoring: 18.5 months | Authors' conclusion: Highest coral recruitment in Kaneohe Bay was on metal and least on tires, Recruitment peaked in summer due to heavy settlement of Montipora verrucosa on lower surfaces. In Kaneohe Bay, where fish grazing was low, thalloid algae, and solitary and colonial tunicates were common on the plates. Compound tunicate cover was higher on plates immersed in winter than summer, and higher on concrete and coral than on metal or tire plates. There was more open space on tire and metal than on coral and concrete plates. Intense fish grazing occurred off Kahala, and encrusting bryozoans, coralline algae and … | Lessons reported: Concrete is recommended for artificial reef construction because community development was most similar to coral, it is durable in seawater and it can be shaped to specification. Metal structures which disintegrate slowly would also be appropriate. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Survival and growth of transplanted coral fragments in a high-latitude coral community (32 deg N) in Kochi, Japan | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Drupella | Genera: Acropora | Method: 36 coral fragments were transplanted into three blocks, at three different depths. Survival and growth were monitored. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 46.75% | Post-restoration monitoring: 96 months | Authors' conclusion: All A. muricata fragments died within one year of the transplantation, but over 90% of A. hyacinthus fragments survived. Coral cover of A. hyacinthus increased from 8.9% to 48% of the total area. Surviving fragments grew more rapidly in the warmer months. | Lessons reported: Success of transplantation is species-specific | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Experimental test of the effects of methods of attachment and handling on the rapid transplantation of corals. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Stylophora, Acropora, Favia, Echinopora, Rumphella | Method: Testing effects of handling and attachment methods of transplanted coral fragments. Fragments were taken from local coral colonies and 1)exposed to air for 2 hours, 2) transported underwater in baskets, 3) attached to masonry nails driven into substrate 4) attached with epoxy in drilled holes in substrate. The experiment was fully factorial, with controls, tested on fives coral species. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 82% | Post-restoration monitoring: 3 months | Authors' conclusion: Best method of attachment was epoxy into pre-drilled hole, and most species (exception: Stylophora pistillata and Rumphella sp.) did not show measurable negative impacts of 2 hours of exposure | Lessons reported: Lose attachment to nail causes small movements with water movement, prohibiting tissue overgrowth and permanent attachment to the substratum. Many species are relatively resilient to air exposure. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis, restoration in south Florida: Growth and survivorship of outplanted nursery corals | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Coral fragments were grown in three separate underwater nurseries and outplanted to selected sites located within unique cross-shelf zones in the Upper Florida Keys. Growth and survival were measured both in the nursery and after outplanting. 113 coral fragments were outplanted to 4 sites. In each of the three areas, there were four outplant sites, and outplant corals were arranged in three clusters of 10 corals, with each cluster containing a replicate of the 10 distinct genotypes. Growth and … | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 89.2% | Post-restoration monitoring: 7 months | Authors' conclusion: The reef zone / habitat in which A. cervicornis were outplanted had a more significant effect on growth than the coral genotype. The fore reef zone within the Upper and Lower Keys regions and the midchannel zone in the Biscayne region had significantly higher mean growth rates. Survivorship was not significantly different in any of the regions. | Lessons reported: Depth and reef zone have strong effects on growth. It's not enough to simply choose fast-growing genotypes. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Coral relocation for impact mitigation in Northern Qatar. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Construction | Genera: Anomastraea, Cyphastrea, Favia, Platygyra, Plesiastrea, Porites, Pseudosiderastrea | Method: Over 4,500 hard corals were relocated from pipeline corridors to mitigate for pipeline installation impacts. Proven techniques for coral reattachment and newly developed methods to enhance coral survival were used for the mass recovery, transport, and reattachment of the corals. 6 of the 22 reattachment sites were randomly selected for bi-annual monitoring. A subset of the relocated corals (approximately 5%) and natural (reference) corals were randomly selected to monitor the relative coral hea… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 99% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: After one year, 99% of the reattached monitored colonies survived compared to 79% survival of reference colonies, and a greater percentage of reattached colonies were healthy (58%) when compared to reference colonies (33%). Hard corals and other fauna (e.g., sponges and oysters) combined provided less than 12% cover during the surveys, and the benthic community was instead dominated by algae. | Lessons reported: Hard coral relocation is a viable means of off-site mitigation for unavoidable impacts to sensitive coral habitats. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Growth of Acropora pulchra. II. Responses of natural and transplanted colonies to temperature and day length | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: Acropora | Method: The growth of both undisturbed colonies and transplants of Acropora pulchra was monitored in relation to environmental factors. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 50% | Post-restoration monitoring: 17 months | Authors' conclusion: Both temperature and day length negatively with the growth and branching of the undisturbed corals and, to a lesser extent, growth of the transplants. Temperature, in addition, appeared to affect mortality of the transplants significantly. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Growth of Acropora pulchra. III. Preliminary observations on the effects of transplantation and sediment on the growth and survival of transplants. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: Acropora | Method: The growth of both undisturbed colonies and transplants of Acropora pulchra was monitored in relation to environmental factors. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 50% | Post-restoration monitoring: 17 months | Authors' conclusion: Transplantation and sedimentation tended to retard growth. Growth and survival of the transplants may have been further inhibited by transplantation during the warmer times of the year, and by setting them in prone positions on tires. Effects of relocation at varying distances from source colonies appeared to be negligible. | Lessons reported: Time of transplantation and water quality of the receiving environment are important. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Use of artificial reef structures to rehabilitate reef flats degraded by coral mining in the Maldives | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Coral mining | Genera: Acropora, Astreopora, Cyphastrea, Favia, Favites, Galaxea, Goniastrea, Heliopora, Hydnophora, Leptastrea, Lobophyllia, Montastrea, Montipora, Pavona, Pocillopora, Porites, Psammocora, Symphyllia | Method: Corals for transplantation were collected by denuding three undegraded 50 m2 areas of reef flat, and transferred to the three Armorflex study sites. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 68.5333% | Post-restoration monitoring: 8 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival and growth of transplanted corals were high. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Growing coral larger and faster: micro-colony-fusion as a strategy for accelerating coral cover. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Microfragmentation | Genera: Orbicella, Pseudodiploria, Porites | Method: Small fragments (~1x1cm) were cut from massive corals and placed on tiles, which were placed in ex situ aquaria. Maintenance involved daily siphoning of detritus, and manual algae removal. In a second experiment, the tiles were mounted to a concrete triangular concrete and placed in two tanks, one cleaned tank and one established. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 100% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Orbicella faveolata and Pseudodiploria clivosa grew an average 20 cm2 per month (although it was highly variable), with overall area increasing 329 and 154% (respectively) in 5 months. Larger fragments grew at a faster rate. For Porites lobata, there was a difference in growth between tanks (cleaned/established), with fragments growing faster in the established tank compared to the cleaned tank. | Lessons reported: The mesocosm of the established tank provided herbivores and increased diversity in terms of microbial , planktonic and benthic macrofauna. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Testing the first phase of the 'gardening concept' as an applicable tool in restoring denuded reefs in Tanzania. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora, Millepora, Pocillopora, Porites | Method: Two mid-water nurseries were established, each holding 10,000 fragments, at 4m depth. Each nursery comprised six species, each of which was represented by three genotypes. During 9 months, survivorship and growth rates of fragments were compared between the different nurseries, species and genotypes. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 90.7333% | Post-restoration monitoring: 9 months | Authors' conclusion: A significant difference between species survival and growth rates was observed in acroporid species, in Pocillopora verrucosa and Millepora sp., which showed better success than Porites cylindrica. In both sites, Millepora suffered no mortality and other species exhibited low mortality, during the first two nursery months. Coral species in Zanzibar nursery performed better in growth rates than those in Mafia, but in both sites, farmed corals were ready for transplantation just 9 months after the nursery was set up. | Lessons reported: Economic evaluations involved in the overall nursery set-up and the results indicated that the coral gardening approach could be used in Tanzania to generate large quantities of coral colonies for the restoration of damaged reefs at relatively low cost. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Community-based coral reef restoration and education program | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reefs, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Corals of opportunity transplanted onto Ecoreefs. 600 EcoReefs are made of micro-porous non-toxic ceramic stoneware glued using marine epoxy to make snowflake like structures. Corals are tied to the structures using cable ties or wire | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Update - 2014 - In October, Seacology program managers visited the Tres Marias site and saw that almost ten years after the artificial reef units were installed, they are barely visible because they are covered with healthy coral. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: Effects of substratum on the growth and survivorship of Montipora capitata and Porites lobata transplants | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Porites, Montipora | Method: One single colony per species was collected to coral nursery in Ānuenue Fisheries Research Center, 132 fragments (2-3 cm length) generated per species. 3 fragments of each species were attached to the respective substratum (size of substratum area ~10x10cm to 118x18cm) using two part marine epoxy. Natural substrata, mostly volcanic in origin were used, including black and red ʻAʻā lava, types of gray amygdaloidal basalt, gray ignimbrite, brown rhyolite breccia, and white amorphous coral skeleto… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 83.2222% | Authors' conclusion: Apart from glass attachment (50% survival), survival onto other substrata was >70%. Hence it seems there is no distinct substratum affinity. | Lessons reported: Study limited to only one colonie of each species, further investigations need to include more colonies. Coenosarc tissue could not be measured after 184 days, due to fusion between fragments. Hence fragments should be attached further apart to avoid this issue. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Published as: First step in the restoration of a highly degraded coral reef (Singapore) by in situ coral intensive farming | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: Fish farm effluent | Genera: Acropora, Montipora, Pocillopora, Heliopora, Hydnophora, Porites, Psammocora, Diploastrea | Method: Testing the effects of fish farm effluents on coral nubbins in a nursery. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 34% | Post-restoration monitoring: 14 months | Authors' conclusion: After one year of mariculture, average of coral survival rates was low (34%). Survivorship (loss resulted primarily from coral detachment, not coral death) significantly differed among species and nurseries. The surviving nubbins showed high growth rates. Some corals grew faster at the fish farm site. | Lessons reported: Branching A. millepora, the submassive P. sillimaniana and the massive P. lutea are the most suitable species for nursery conditions for first restoration acts to be performed in high sedimentation sites like Singapore's reef. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.
Newest first, by the date the record was entered here. Records marked from a published source were compiled from the literature and have not been confirmed by whoever did the work — the organisation can claim one as its own. Measured on its own material means the figures describe what the project planted, which is a biased sample of the ecosystem around it.