Ecosystem Assets

Published as: Caging enhances post-settlement survival of juveniles of the scleractinian coral Acropora tenuis. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Transplanting spats (6 week old) of corals that had spawned ex situ. Testing the effects of cages to protect spats from herbivores and other grazers. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 22.775% | Post-restoration monitoring: 3 months | Authors' conclusion: Significant higher survival of 6 week old spats in cages compared to uncaged, although no significant difference in survival between closed and open cages. Significantly higher levels of macroalgae in caged vs open cage and no cage indicate this is not due to herbivory. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Development of benthic and fish assemblages on artificial reef materials compared to adjacent natural reef assemblages in Miami-Dade County, Florida. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Construction | Genera: Not reported | Method: A long-term monitoring program was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of different artificial reef materials as mitigation for natural reef impacts. Benthic and fish assemblages on the modules, boulders, and two adjacent natural reefs were monitored and compared. | Post-restoration monitoring: 60 months | Authors' conclusion: The natural reef areas showed stable fish and benthic populations throughout the survey period. During the first 4 yrs, the benthic assemblages on the artificial reefs changed significantly, with increasing density and diversity, and increasing similarity to the natural reef areas. After 5 yrs, the the benthic assemblages on the artificial reef materials appear to be stabilizing. In contrast, fish assemblages differed significantly between the two different artificial reef materials as well as between the artificial and natural reefs. | Lessons reported: Differences in the physical characteristics between artificial and natural reef materials (i.e., shape, relief, cryptic space, etc.) have and will continue to affect the extent to which the reefs can become similar. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Grazers improve health of coral juveniles in ex situ mariculture. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: Investigating the use of biocontrols to limit macro-algal growth in ex situ coral nursery tanks. Corals were encouraged to spawn, and planula settled on concrete embedded plugs. Trochus maculatus (shell) and Salmacis sphaeroides (urchin) were introduced into aquaria, and growth and survival of the coral recruits was examined. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 77.1667% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Growth was faster in the biocontrol tanks than in the control tanks, although survival was similar across all three treatments. Furthermore, the corals were healthier (colour and presence of lesions) in biocontrol treatments compared to controls | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Getting bigger faster: Mediation of size-specific mortality via fusion in juvenile coral transplants | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: To quantify the effect of size at transplantation on survival and growth of laboratory-reared planulae in the field, juvenile colonies were assigned to four size classes. Substrate tiles (n = 320 tiles), each with a single colony, were transplanted to three replicate patches of reef rock, and survival and growth monitored. The effects of fusion between sibling juveniles on their survival and growth were investigated, as well as aggregative settlement patterns. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 16.575% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival increased with size. Colony fusion resulted in lower 6-mo mortality, and chimeras of >2 fused colonies produced polyps faster. Fused colonies showed greater probability of growth to the next size class, while unfused colonies showed higher mortality and stasis. Settled larvae were aggregative distributed, with no difference in aggregation strength in larvae of same- vs. mixed-parent groups. Results suggest a benefit of fusion to survival and growth within the first eight months in juvenile coral colonies. | Lessons reported: Fusion could be used as a strategy to obtain larger colonies faster, provided they remain stable over time. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Fish Colonization of an Artificial Reef in the Gulf of Eilat, Northern Red Sea. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: n/a | Method: An artificial reef structure was placed 300m offshore at a depth of 22–24 m, at a distance of 20–50m from an existing, severely damaged natural reef. The artificial reef consisted of seven metal structures: a circular bellows; a cylinder shaped heat exchanger unit, two metal construction beams, and four amphibian vehicles. Fish communities were surveyed for 2 years. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: The colonization of fishes was initially rapid and a total of 94 species was recorded. In the first seven months, a gradual increase in the number of species was observed, after which it leveled off. | Lessons reported: The low complexity of the major components of the artificial reef, in addition to its location on a muddy, silty substrate, resulted in a constant cover of fine grain particles which presumably discouraged settlement of invertebrates and small cryptic fish species on the artificial reef. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: in: Johnson et al 2011, Caribbean Acropora restoration guide: best practices for propagation and population enhancement CASE STUDY 2 | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Block nursery, Line nursery, and tree nursery | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 75% | Authors' conclusion: High fragment survival on out planted sites | Lessons reported: Space out planted colonies to avoid disease spread and the attraction of coral predators, use stable substrate to avoid damage to out planted corals, | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: in: Johnson et al 2011, Caribbean Acropora restoration guide: best practices for propagation and population enhancement CASE STUDY 6 | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Line nurseries | Authors' conclusion: More than 200 corals out planted to three sites | Lessons reported: Monofilament line holds less fouling organisms than substrates with a larger surface area (e.g. concrete block, rope or rebar. Choose a site with a high abundance of fish to help with cleaning of fouling organisms. Monitor frequently to remove fouling organisms and perform repair. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral of opportunity survivorship and the use of coral nurseries in coral reef restoration. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Siderastrea, Meandrina, Solenastrea, Stephanocoenia, Dichocoenia, Colpophyllia, Diploria, Porites, Orbicella, Eusmilia, Agaricia, Diploria | Method: Corals of opportunity from 17 species were collected near the nursery site, transported and handled on boat (<2 hours), and then transplanted to concrete artificial structures (2 types: Warren and DERM modules). The goal was to establish a nursery site which can be used as a donor source for future restoration activities. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 96% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: The high survival, ease of collection and representative avialbaliklty of corals of opportunity makes the authors conclude that the method is viable in the location testes (Borward County, Florida, USA). Coral of opportunity which were not transplanted, but left loose as control colonies had significantly reduced survivorship | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Funafuti Atoll coral reef restoration project (Republic of Tuvalu). - Baseline report | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Coral transplantation experiment. Partial coral colonies (?) moved to sandy area and placed on sandy bottom to mimic patch reefs | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 74% | Post-restoration monitoring: 15 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival after 15 months, followed by a 'major mortality' at 15 months (percent not reported). Cause of mortality event unknown. Juvenile fish densities and diversity increased | Lessons reported: Avoid transplanting at times when high seasonal temperature stress is likely (ie during summer). Select a site free from human caused disturbances | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Building a coral reef in southeast Florida: Combining technology and aesthetics. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: ship grounding | Genera: n/a | Method: Concrete balls were cast into hollow dome shapes, and fragmented corals were cemented onto the domes. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 87.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 120 months | Authors' conclusion: The concrete domes show no signs of deterioration after 10 years, and a high proportion of transplanted corals survived. Furthermore, a large number of hard and soft-coral recruits have settled onto the domes. The fish community was intermediate compared to a natural reef patch and the sea floor after 10 years. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Comparison of coral growth and survival under enclosed, semi-natural conditions and in the field | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Porites | Method: Two closely related scleractinian coral species, Porites cylindrica and Porites rus, were transplanted to two different locations: the natural environment on the reef flat, and culture tanks on land. The use of tanks enabled the regulation of environmental factors. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 85% | Post-restoration monitoring: 18 months | Authors' conclusion: For both species, growth and survival were much better in the field than in the land-based tanks most probably due to unrestricted water circulation. | Lessons reported: Predators and macroalgae can be controlled in the tanks | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Best practices manual for Caribbean Acropora restoration. Puntacana Ecological Foundation. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: not relevant | Method: A-frames or dome shapes constructed of wire mesh, bent into shape. Coated in epoxy resin to prevent rusting, and placed on sandy/rubble bottoms. | Authors' conclusion: Fragments grow quickly on these frames, and they are easily replicable for research. | Lessons reported: Frames can quickly become overgrown, and colonies are difficult to remove at this stage, so these frames are less ideal as nurseries, and more suitable for permanent solutions. however, some coral colonies may become top heavy and cause the frames to topple or collapse. Locate frames 2-3 m away from reef, to reduce the potential of snails or fireworms to access the frames, while still allowing he… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Intact coral colonies (from pilot study?) were translocated onto sandy areas to investigate mortality and fish recruitment | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 95% | Post-restoration monitoring: 3 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival of entire colonies. Fish recruitment was higher n colones location >20 m from a reef, compared to those located <2m from a reef. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: in: Johnson et al 2011, Caribbean Acropora restoration guide: best practices for propagation and population enhancement CASE STUDY 7 | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Ex situ nursery phase in aquaria, in greenhouses with light filtering through shade cloth. | Authors' conclusion: Preliminary observations are showing that almost all of the corals out planted have not only survived but are growing well. However, comparisons with out planted fragments from in situ nurseries show the same survival and growth. Benefits of ex situ nursery is ease of maintenance | Lessons reported: Strict biosecurity measures need to be implemented to ensure only healthy corals are placed back on the reef | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: An evolutionary approach to adaptive capacity assessment: A case study of Whitehouse | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: n/a | Method: Installed 350 ecoreef structures. The ceramic units, designed to mimic staghorn coral, facilitate the growth of coral reefs by slowing the water flow, stabilising sediment and providing a microporous surface for coral adhesion. In the process, they also increase fish populations. Did not transplant corals | Authors' conclusion: A baseline survey of fish populations conducted in June 2011, and subsequent surveys in January 2012 and June 2012 showed that fish abundance and diversity increased significantly: “A year later, 8195 individuals were documented over three fifteen minute transects compared to the original 115 individual fish noted at the artificial reef site” | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Reef restoration using seawater electrolysis in Jamaica | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: n/a | Method: Electrodes were connected to corals transplanted onto artificial reef structures. Artificial reefs of varying sizes placed in a variety of locations. | Authors' conclusion: A highly diverse coral reef community established itself on the mineral accretion structures. A large variety of adult and juvenile fish have been permanent or temporary residents. | Lessons reported: The geometry of the structure appears to strongly affect the type of species recruited. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral transplant survival over 3 years under different environmental conditions at the Hundred Islands, Philippines | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Destructive fishing | Genera: Acropora, Montipora, Pavona, Porites | Method: An effort to rehabilitate degraded reef areas involved transplantation of branch fragments of the hard corals Acropora microphthalma, A. echinata, A. abrolhosensis, Montipora foliosa, Pavona cactus and Porites cylindrica (order Scleractinia) from healthy communities to different islands of the Hundred Islands chain in the Philippines. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 25.7778% | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: Different species responded differently under varying combinations of water clarity and turbulence, which decreased along a rough gradient from north to south. In the north, Porites cylindrica survived moderately well (30%) after 36 mo compared with Montipora foliosa (17%) and Acropora microphthalma (14%). In the central sector, P. cylindrica (57%) and Pavona cactus (41%) survived better than A. echinata (31%). Where turbidity was highest (the south), all transplants fared poorly – P. cylindrica (14 %), A. abrolhosensis (23 %) and P. cactus (5 %). Coral species that survived at the transplant… | Lessons reported: These results have important applications in coral restoration efforts in other tropical regions because the species studied are relatively common | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Enhancement of coral recruitment by in situ mass culture of coral larvae. | Technique: Larval Enhancement | Genera: Acropora | Method: Creation of a floating in situ larval nursery pond (2 x 2m). Gametes and embryos were collected from the slick formed during spawning. The larvae were kept in the ponds for 7 days, until competency was determined (using CCA in vitro method). They were then flushed into a floorless mesh tent (1.8 x 1m), placed on the reef. Two seeding densities were tested (low/high). Recruit density after 6 weeks was assessed in high/low/control plots using terracotta tiles. | Post-restoration monitoring: 1.5 months | Authors' conclusion: 5% of larvae survived to 6 days in ponds. Recruitment was greatly enhanced in experimental quadrats, with the highest density treatment receiving 100 times more recruits than natural recruitment in the bay. The higher density treatment had significantly higher densities of settled recruits. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: M/V Wellwood Coral Reef Restoration Monitoring Report, Monitoring Events 2004-2006. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Monroe County, Florida. Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series NMSP-07-02. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Ship grounding | Genera: not relevant | Method: Artificial reef structures based on the structure of the adjacent undamaged reef was constructed using rocks, concrete and limestone, and concreted onto the substrate. 22 modules were prepared and placed on 14 sites. In addition, limestone boulders were attached with concrete in depressions that could not fit a module. | Post-restoration monitoring: 48 months | Authors' conclusion: The structures were all attached and in great condition after 4 years deployment, despite the passing of several hurricanes and severe storms. However, After 2 years it appears like the modules receive less Gorgonian recruits than control (damaged but not restored) and reference (not damaged, not restored) areas, while receiving the same amount of Scleractinian and Millepora recruits. After 4 years, the differences were no longer significant, and all three sites showed similar numbers in terms of Scleractinians, Millepora and Gorgonians. Authors emphasises that recovery is likely to be a deca… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Large-scale coral reef rehabilitation after blast fishing in Indonesia | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Blast fishing, construction, mining, storms | Genera: mixed | Method: Deployed small, modular, open structures (spiders) to stabilize rubble and to support transplanted coral fragments. Between 2013 to 2015, approximately 11,000 structures covering 7,000 m2 were deployed over 2 ha of a reef. | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: Live coral cover on the structures increased from less than 10% to >60% depending on depth, deployment date and location, and disturbances. The mean live coral cover in the rehabilitation area in October 2017 was higher than reported for reefs in many other areas in the Coral Triangle, including marine protected areas, but lower than in the no-take reference reef. At least 42 coral species were observed growing on the spiders. Surprisingly, during the massive coral bleaching in other regions during the 2014 – 2016 ENSO event, bleaching in the rehabilitation area was less than 5% cover despite… | Lessons reported: Inexpensive modular structures make coral reef rehabilitation practical on large spatial scales where the reef's physical integrity has been destroyed by blast fishing, storms, or groundings Structures that 1) allow unrestricted water flow, 2) trap broken coral fragments and rubble, and 3) stabilize the substratum effectively support high coral recruitment, growth, and diversity Removal of territ… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Macroalgae reduces survival of nursery-reared Acropora corals in the Florida reef tract | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Surveyed 23 A. cervicornis restoration sites, located at six different reefs in the upper Florida Keys, and assessed survival rates against benthic composition. | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Where A. cervicornis survived for more than 1 year, there was less brown macroalgae of the genus Dictyota than at sites where A. cervicornis had died. Coral survival was highest at sites with less than 15% Dictyota cover. | Lessons reported: Regulating macroalgal cover at restoration sites can lead to better coral survival. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Mid-water rope nursery-Testing design and performance of a novel reef restoration instrument. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Montipora, Echinopora, Pocillopora | Method: Experiment testing three different types of rope nurseries: 1) Floats on surface, 2) attached on bottom with ropes, 3) attached to bottom with legs. Methods specifically target separate genotypes of colonies within the same species to increase genotypic diversity | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 72.8385% | Post-restoration monitoring: 10 months | Authors' conclusion: Growth and survival vary between genotypes of the same species. Survival is highest in rope nurseries tied to the bottom, compared to those floating on the surface (presumably due to wave action). Branching species have a higher survival, compared to encrusting species. | Lessons reported: Nurseries attached to surface increase movement of colonies, encourages unusual growth forms, lower growth and survival. May still be suitable for places with high tidal movement (as bottom affixed nurseries will experience depth changes during tidal cycle). Use larger fragments for encrusting species, to ensure survival. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Growth and survival of transplanted Acropora cervicornis in relation to coral reef restoration. Chapter 3: Effect of season and coral size on the growth rate of transplanted Acropora cervicornis | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: 15 Artificially broken fragments (2-19cm) were transplanted to 3 sites from a parent colony four times per year (Acropora prolifera only one time in the Bahamas) corresponding to the seasons and monitored quarterly. Fragments were glued to PVC pipe (into a 2'' section of ½ '' PVC with Oately® epoxy putty) and attached to cement bricks adjacent to the reef they were collected. Weight, length, branching were measured quarterly. | Authors' conclusion: Highest growth rate in late spring and early summer. Accretion (g) to linear growth (mm) ratio relatively constant, depending on wave energy of site. Growth rate generally positively correlated with colony size. Time of transplantation important for subsequent growth. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The Coral Reef Rehabilitation Project | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Corals of opportunity are transplanted onto coral reef frames called 'spiders' that are connected together to form a matrix. | Authors' conclusion: 8645 coral 'spiders', significant increases in fish stocks, which provides both food security and job opportunities for many locals. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restoration of critically endangered elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) populations using larvae reared from wild-caught gametes | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Tested whether the effectiveness of restoration efforts for Acropora palmata could be improved by shortening ex situ grow-out periods to two weeks before outplanting settlers on the reef and determined whether post-settlement survival, colony growth and cost-effectiveness was significantly different from those of recruits reared in land-based nurseries over a 2.5 year period. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 1.95% | Post-restoration monitoring: 31 months | Authors' conclusion: After 2.5 years, the survival rate of A. palmata settlers outplanted two weeks after settlement was 6.8 times higher (3.4%) than that of settlers kept in a land-based nursery (0.5%). Furthermore, 32% of the substrate units on the reef still harbored one or more well developed recruit compared to 3% for substrate units kept in the nursery. In addition to increasing survival, outplanting A. palmata settlers shortly after settlement reduced the costs to produce at least one 2.5-year-old A. palmata individual from $325 to $13 USD. | Lessons reported: This study highlights the first successful long-term rearing of this critically endangered coral species, and shows that early outplanting of sexually reared coral settlers can be more cost-effective than the traditional approach of nursery rearing for restoration efforts aimed at rehabilitating coral populations. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restoration of coral reefs in Pacific Costa Rica | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: Coral fragments collected from damaged reef and transplanted into the reserve in two locations; 58 in one and 52 in the other. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 81% | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: After three years, survivorship was 79%-83%. Furthermore, subsequent fragmentation caused a 41%-115% increase in new colonies. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Trends in growth and mortality of three coral species (Anthozoa: Scleractinia), including effects of transplantation | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora, Pavona, Pocillopora | Method: The goal was to examine the feasibility of using certain species in establishing new coral populations through deliberate fragmentation. Survival was compared between transplanted / fragmented and undisturbed colonies. | Post-restoration monitoring: 13 months | Authors' conclusion: Response to transplantation was poor for Pocillopora damicornis, and it had intermediate linear growth rates and relatively high mortality. Mortality rates of both A hyacinthus and P damicornis were increased by high temperatures during certain times of the year Pavona frondifera had the highest linear growth rates and no mortality. | Lessons reported: K-selected species might be better for restoration. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Israel Jordan Reef Restoration | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: yes | Method: 5 artificial reefs added to the reef environment | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: AIm to remove the pressure from over a million divers each year which this project appears to be doing | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Local changes in community diversity after coral transplantation | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora, Porites | Method: 4 treatments: undisturbed sites (which also served as sources of the transplants), degraded plots to which corals were transplanted, empty plots that received no transplants, and control plots that were empty and situated at least 100 m away from the transplant and empty plots. The latter 3 treatments were replicated at 4 different sites. Diversity of surrounding organisms measured | Post-restoration monitoring: 15 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral transplantation resulted in higher diversity and greater abundance of fish and invertebrates and has the potential to help re-establish degraded reef communities. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: in: Johnson et al 2011, Caribbean Acropora restoration guide: best practices for propagation and population enhancement CASE STUDY 1 | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: A-frame nursery, Line nursery and rope table nursery. Epoxy coated wire mesh to prevent algal growth. Outplanting using masonry nails driven into reef substrate, fragment attached with cable ties. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 97.4% | Authors' conclusion: High fragment survivorship and high retention rates of fragments on out planted sites, indicates that outplanting techniques are successful. | Lessons reported: Fragment colonies early to avoid increasing weight on nurseries, use mixed type of nursery structure to spread risk, select sites based on environmental characteristics, as well as the presence/absence of predators and cleaners | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Community-based coral reef restoration | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reefs, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Corals of opportunity transplanted onto Ecoreefs. 300 were installed. EcoReefs are made of micro-porous non-toxic ceramic stoneware glued using marine epoxy to make snowflake like structures. They are pH neutral and do not leach toxins. Corals are tied to the structures using cable ties or wire | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: the small demonstration reef is flourishing with both transplanted and naturally recruited corals. A variety of benthic invertebrates and a wide range of fish species are also among the new recruits. | Lessons reported: branching design of the modules allows you to fasten and orient transplanted coral fragments with nothing more than a simple cable tie. Experience shows that transplanted fragments will quickly cement to the structure by laying down living tissue over the ceramic spines and will resume growth in a matter of weeks. To further enhance coral recruitment, settling plates at the center of each module … | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Optimizing the productivity of a coral nursery focused on staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: The authors applied 3 experimental treatments to 12 nursery-reared staghorn corals: 25, 50, or 75% of the colony’s biomass was removed and fragmented to create additional, smaller fragments. Four colonies served as unfragmented controls. Growth and colony productivity (the ratio of new tissue growth to initial colony size) were monitored. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 100% | Post-restoration monitoring: 2.9 months | Authors' conclusion: Treatment had no effect on colony productivity or the rate at which colonies developed new branches. | Lessons reported: 75% of the biomass of staghorn colonies may be removed without affecting their growth. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Can self-fertilizing coral species be used to enhance restoration of Caribbean reefs? | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Porites | Method: Testing survival/growth/ reproductive capacity of brooding corals after cutting in half (to increase output?) and outplanting at two different depths (9 & 24 metres). The corals used originated fom either 9 or 24m, and were tested ina factorial expriemnt. Also testing self-fertilisation rates in a separate genetic study. Measures growth through dye | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 94.875% | Post-restoration monitoring: 21 months | Authors' conclusion: Colonies moved from deep to shallow bleached at first, but recovered and were indistinguishable from shallow colonies after 10 months. There was no difference in survival between intact and divided colonies. Colonies that were moved from shallow to deep sites grew slower, while colonies that were moved in the opposite direction (deep to shallow) grew faster. Results for reproductive output were similar to growth, albeit less pronounced. | Lessons reported: Hermaphroditic brooders can survive handling and being split in half, and still produce reproductive output comparable to resident control colonies, and can therefore be valuable in restoration efforts. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restauration d'une zone corallienne dégradée et implantation d'un jardin corallien à Bora Bora, Polynésie Française | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Dredging | Genera: Acropora, Porites, Pavona, Montipora, Pocillopora, Fungia, Herpolitha, Cyphastrea, Psammocora | Method: Dredged pits were filled with 10,000m3 of sand, three 20m long groynes were built and the beach was replenished with sand. 125 artificial concrete structures, between 1.6 and 17t each, were deployed on the sandy shallow reef flat to act as breakwaters to protect the coastline. A 7,200 m2 “coral garden” was created by transplanting 311 coral colonies to 11 artificial structures and 200 large branching (Acropora spp.) and massive (Porites spp.) colonies to surrounding sand patches. Monitoring sur… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 90.3636% | Post-restoration monitoring: 32 months | Authors' conclusion: The transplanted corals had a 95% survival rate, on average, except for high mortality of submassive Porites rus from smothering in sand. The coral gardens were further colonised by 53 coral colonies, sea urchins, tridacnid clams and a variety of reef fishes. | Lessons reported: Location effects need to be considered in the future, as the coral garden was affected by anchors and large amounts of sand. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Skeletal extension rates of Porites cylindrica and Porites (Synaraea) rus after transplantation to two depths. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Porites | Method: Comparing growth of transplants between depth and to non transplanted colonies. Colonies collected from nearby reef, fragmented and attached to plexiglass plates. The plates were attached to wire tables at the restoration site (raised 20cm from the bottom). All fragments and colonies were sacrificed at the end of the experiment, to measure growth | Post-restoration monitoring: 14 months | Authors' conclusion: There were significant differences between species (P. cylindrica grew faster than P. russ),and depths (deeper depths grew slower, control grew fastest) | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Growth of transplanted Acropora tenuis 2 years after egg culture | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: A. tenuis (a hermaphroditic coral species) grown from fertilised eggs in cages 2m above seafloor (12-18 months), out planted using pegs and underwater glue. Nursery cages contained trochus shells to control algae. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 89% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Ability to culture A. tenuis from eggs through successful transplantation and growth of juveniles on degraded reefs represents a valuable tool in reef restoration. | Lessons reported: None | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Effects of Nursery Table Slope Orientation on Coral Survival and Growth | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Merulina, Pectinia, Podabacia, Pocillopora | Method: Testing how the orientation of nursery tables affects growth and survival of 4 species of corals. Horizontal, diagonal (45 degrees) or vertical. 5cm fragments attached with cable ties, and monitored for 6 months. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 76% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival in all species, but negligible growth in all but Pocillopora acuta. P. acuta was also the most susceptible to different orientations,and the authors speculate that other species invested energy into survival rather than growth. | Lessons reported: Orientation can be varied to manage sedimentation, as the angle had little effect on survival or growth (except for P. acuta). | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Pilot study of fragments on rubble. Fragments relocated and scattered over rubble. Coral cover and fish communities surveyed and compared to controls. | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral cover increased at site from 2.2% to 24.5%, with a concomitant increase in fish abundance from 17 fish in control plot, to 13 in restored plot. 75% of coral were attached to the substrate or each other. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral reef rehabilitation through transplantation of staghorn corals: effects of artificial stabilization and mechanical damages. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Branches of two species of Acropora, were collected from nearby reefs, and placed on a degraded reef using two methods. 1) loosely placed on the seabed, or 2) attached to a grid of strings which was loosely placed on the rubble. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 97% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Corals attached to the string grid had higher survival and faster growth compared to unattached fragments. 97% of attached branches survived, although 87% had experienced partial mortality, while 87% of unattached fragments survived, and 93% of survivors had partial mortality. | Lessons reported: To stop a defensive response between neighbouring fragments, which may affect growth, make sure that fragments attached to the same string originate from the same clone | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Accounting for life-history strategies and timescales in marine restoration | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Illegal coral harvesting | Genera: Corallium | Method: Transplanted 300 illegally harvested corals onto rocky reef and monitored demographic traits | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 99.1% | Post-restoration monitoring: 48 months | Authors' conclusion: The transplantation experiment was highly successful over a relatively short term due to high survival and reproductive potential of the transplanted colonies. | Lessons reported: Demographic projections predict that from 30 to 40 years may be required for fully functional C. rubrum populations to develop. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Impacts of Fragment Genotype, Habitat, and Size on Outplanted Elkhorn Coral Success under Thermal Stress. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Expt 1: Testing the effect of outplanted fragment size of A. palmata. Two sizes (large=9-12 months old, small=6-9 months), outplanted 1m apart using epoxy. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 25.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 30 months | Authors' conclusion: No difference in survival between small and large fragments, however small fragments were significantly less prone to bleaching. Small fragments also grew significantly faster than larger fragments | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: An evaluation of artificial reef structures as tools for marine habitat rehabilitation in the Maldives. | Technique: Substrate addition - artificial reef, transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Coral mining | Genera: Acropora, Astreopora, Cyphastrea, Favia, Favites, Galaxea, Goniastrea, Heliopora, Hydnophora, Leptastrea, Lobophyllia, Montastrea, Montipora, Pavona, Pocillopora, Porites, Psammocora, Symphyllia | Method: Corals were transplanted onto some of the artificial reef structures (above) to test whether transplantation would accelerate reef recovery. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 50% | Post-restoration monitoring: 42 months | Authors' conclusion: Twenty-nine months after transplantation, 41–59% of corals still survived on the concrete mattresses. | Lessons reported: Coral transplantation was a costly and time-consuming activity of doubtful efficacy. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Reef Restoration Serangan Island | Technique: Coral gardening - nursery phase, coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: The reef around Serangan was damaged due to land reclamation. Installed coral nursery tables and transplant corrals onto the natural reef. Coral fragments planted onto cement buttons or bases that are grown on nurseries before transplantation | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Growth of certain corals, molluscs and fish in artificial reefs in the Philippines. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: Acropora, Dendrophyllia, Favia, Pocillopora, Seriatopora, Stylophora, Millepora | Method: Three artificial reefs were established using used car tires, and monitored for 30 months. | Post-restoration monitoring: 30 months | Authors' conclusion: Seven genera of corals, and multiple species of non-mobile molluscs recruited and grew on the artificial reefs. Two species of fish targeted by local fishermen were present at the artificial reef sites, at sufficient numbers to sustain fishing. | Lessons reported: Recruited corals more likely to attach to concrete bases rather than rubber tire, suggesting concrete is a better recruitment substrate for coral planula. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Assessing an abridged nursery phase for slow growing corals used in coral restoration. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Echinopora, Merulina | Method: Testing the benefits of a nursery phase in coral gardening, compared to direct transplantation, for slow-growing coral species. Fragments were either collected and directly transplanted onto dead coral bommies, or housed in table-nurseries in situ for 1 year, and then out planted | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 8.33333% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Most corals died following a bleaching event, however data prior to bleaching suggest patterns of higher growth rates, higher survivorship as well as improved attachment rate of corals in the nursery when compared to directly transplanted counterparts of the first experiment (wild out planted vs fragments in nurseries). E. lamellosa is sensitive to transplantation and benefits form a nursery phase. Both species had significantly higher rates of self-attachment and growth in nurseries compared to out planted individuals. However, the second experiment suggests that these differences are not ma… | Lessons reported: Costs associated with nurseries are not necessarily linked to the time corals spend in the nursery, so slow-growing corals may be best spending longer time in the nursery, rather than trying to shorten the time to save money. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The culture, transplantation and storage of Montastraea faveolata, Acropora cervicornis and Acropora palmata: What we have learned so far. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: ship grounding | Genera: Acropora | Method: Experiment 2 tests different nursery type for branching corals (closed aquaria, open systems or in situ field arrays). 7cm fragments were taken from donor colonies, and mounted onto plates using epoxy. Half of the fragments were reared ex situ in a flow through outdoor aquarium system, while half were reared in an in situ shallow nursery site (on a vertical tree-like construction) | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 95.8333% | Post-restoration monitoring: 10 months | Authors' conclusion: No difference in linear extension between in situ and ex situ nurseries for A. cervicornis, however the basal width was significantly larger in the tank compare to the field.In contrast A. palmata colonies had higher linear extension and mineral accretion in the field compared to ex situ nurseries, however the basal growth was larger in the tanks compared to field nurseries. Tank reared A cervicornis exhibited limited branching while field colonies formed multiple branches during the study period. | Lessons reported: Growing in tanks allowed bases to develop which may be advantageous when outplanting, however the reduced water movement may have resulted in reduced branching. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Lesion recovery of two scleractinian corals under low pH conditions: Implications for restoration efforts | Technique: Coral Gardening - Microfragmentation | Genera: Porites | Method: Two fragment sizes were artificially inflicted with lesions and incubated in two pH treatments to follow effects on recovery and physiological performance. | Post-restoration monitoring: 0.8 months | Authors' conclusion: Recovery was significantly reduced at reduced pH for P. porites in both fragment sizes; while recovery of P. astreoides was reduced only in the larger fragments. Different responses were also seen for Symbiodinium density and total protein with pH and fragment size. Effects on lesion recovery rate from pH and fragment size were species specific and may be related to morphology and/or energetic constraints. | Lessons reported: Energy shifts in corals is vital for lesion recovery, but is also species specific. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Evaluating causes of transplant stress in fragments of Acropora palmata used for coral reef restoration | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: To evaluate transplant stress, newly transplanted coral fragments were compared to a restoration site to two other groups: (1) non-transplants, or fragments that remained at the source site, and (2) established transplants, or fragments that had been transplanted from the same source population to the restoration site 2 yrs prior. 84 healthy fragments were transplanted to a site that already had 45 established transplants, and 48 non-transplants were selected for comparison. Colony growth was m… | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: After 2 wks, new transplants displayed greater tissue loss and bleaching than both other groups. New transplants were affected by disease (white syndrome) more frequently than non-transplants or established transplants. Transplant-induced bleaching caused a slight reduction in growth and survival after 3 mo, but no carry-over effects were detectable after 1 yr. Damselfish bites significantly affected coral fragments but did not preferentially target new transplants. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The Koh Tao Scuba-Diving Coral Reef Project | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reef, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Metal frames more like coral nurseries have been created on to which corals are transplanted using cable ties. Heavy steel structures held in place by their weight | Authors' conclusion: Quantitative outcomes: 500 corals transplanted, 12 coral species, 46 fish species | Lessons reported: see comments above | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Community-based, low-tech method of restoring a lost thicket of Acropora corals. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Developing a cost-effective restoration method that is simple and low-tech enough to involve the local community. Fragments staked into sand, in tow treatments: high (6 fragments m-2) and low density (3 fragments m-2) coral. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 78.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 19 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral transplantation sites increased in coral cover from 0% to 24 and 54% in low and high density treatments respectively. Transplants had grownsignificnalty over 19 months. Fish abundance increased by 50% on high density treatments compared to low density and control plots. Macroinvertebrate abundance also increased in both transplantation plots compared to control plots. | Lessons reported: Pick a species that is known to survive in your restoration area. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Kāne‘ohe Bay Reef Restoration Project | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Algae removal | Disturbance addressed: Invasive algae | Method: Removal of invasive algae from reef with divers and suction device. Introduction of grazing urchins. | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: 17 acres of algae were cleared and kept clear with urchins. 100% removal with dental tools was also trialled, with positive outcomes | Lessons reported: Effective clearing of macroalgae with mechanical suction device. Algal clearing must be paired with enhanced herbivory to be effective. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Acclimation in Pocillopora sp. during a coral restoration program in Carrizales Bay, Colima, Mexico | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: Coral fragments were transplanted either in clusters (125 fragments) or individually (155 fragments). Ten coral fragments transplanted using each technique were randomly marked for monitoring. Growth and colour were measured in five samples over 10 months. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 92.25% | Post-restoration monitoring: 10 months | Authors' conclusion: There was similar high survival of fragments with the cluster and solitary methods. The cluster technique leads to greater stability and integration of fragments, and greater aggregation of the fragments with the substrate. The mortality associated with both techniques was caused primarily by bioerosion by algae of the genera Ulva and Padina. The integration of the specimens in the cluster method induced an increase in the density of zooxanthellae. | Lessons reported: Both transplantation methods are economical and cheaper than attachment to hard substrata with epoxy. Clustering fragments leads to acclimation of zooxanthellae. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: A cost-effective approach to enhance scleractinian diversity on artificial shorelines. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Podabacia, Merulina, Echinopora, Hydnophora, Pocillopora, Platygyra | Method: Coral colonies collected and fragmented from nearby site. Placed on table nurseries for up to 9 months. Fragments were then transplanted onto granite seawall. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 89.7% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival in both nurseries (98.5%) and transplants (89.7%). All fragments increased in growth, except for M. ampliata species. Coral cover on the site increased from 3% to 20.5% in 6 months. | Lessons reported: Nursery was located in a high sediment environment, and high survival of these species indicates they are robust to high sediment loads during propagation. Drupella snails were disproportionately attacking P. damicornis transplants. (Note: Photos show cable ties digging in to fragments in nurseries. Account for growth in attachment methods, so as not to limit fragment growth.) | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Augmenting the post-transplantation growth and survivorship of juvenile scleractinian corals via nutritional enhancement | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: Recruits of the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis were fed with live Artemia salina nauplii twice a week for 24 weeks in an ex situ coral nursery, and then transplanted back onto the reef. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 54% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Fed recruits grew significantly faster than unfed ones, corals supplied with the highest density of nauplii increased their ecological volume by more than 74 times their initial size, and the benefits of feeding were apparent even after transplantation to the reef. The fed corals had significantly higher survival and growth rates than the unfed ones. | Lessons reported: Costs per unit volumetric growth were drastically reduced with increasing feed densities, corals fed with the highest density of nauplii were more than 12 times cheaper than the controls. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral Gardening for Tourism and Climate Change Adaptation in Vanuatu | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Small, transportable steel frames ('spiders') constructed by the local community. Corals of opportunity are cable tied onto the frames. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Vietnam Reef Restoration | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Attached broken coral fragments from cyclone using cable ties to nails hammered into reef rock | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Best practices manual for Caribbean Acropora restoration. Puntacana Ecological Foundation. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: not relevant | Method: Outplanting techniques: 1)Plug-in method: fragments are simply wedged in existing crevices and rubble. 2) Nail and tie-method: Long nails (75mm) are hammered into the substrate, and fragments are attached to the nails using cable ties. Epoxy can be used to ensure the nail is attached to the substrate as well. 3) Pegged rope method: fragments are inserted by untwisting the rope, and the entire length of rope is attached to the substrate using 75mm concrete nails. This allows rapid outplanting of… | Authors' conclusion: 1) Plug in method can suffer from low retention, however remaining fragments quickly self attach to the substrate and grow rapidly. 2) Nail & tie-method is slow, because each fragment is attached individually, however retention is high, and vertical surfaces can also be out planted. 3) pegged rope method allows hundreds of fragments to be out planted within a single dive, and fragments cover the rope within a few months. 4) Fragments in cement rosettes fuse and quickly become colonies. This method is best for small fragments created when trimming donor colonies. | Lessons reported: 1) Plug-in method may be most suitable as an emergency method, where high numbers of fragments are available and time/funding/manpower is limited.2) Nails & Tie method is expensive in terms of manpower, but can be done gradually since each fragment is attached individually.3) Pegged rope method, some fragments may be damaged by abrasion f they are not touching the substrate. this can be remedied … | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Employing a highly fragmented, weedy coral species in reef restoration | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Destructive fishing | Genera: Montipora | Method: Almost 2000 coral ramets were reared in a shallow lagoon nursery for 1 year and then transplanted onto denuded reef knolls at two different sites and according to three transplantation designs (grid design with high or low density and patch design). | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 17% | Post-restoration monitoring: 15 months | Authors' conclusion: M. digitata ramets in the nursery exhibited 87% survivorship and fast growth rates (217–927%) in 1 year. Following transplantation, 17% of the corals remained alive with 37% loss due to mortality and 46% loss due to detachment. Growth increased the corals’ ecological volume by 384%. The high number of M. digitata survivors enhanced local habitat complexity. | Lessons reported: The weakness in the transplantation phase was M. digitata’s slow attachment to the substrate, which may be improved by having the coral tissue touching the substrate by drilling deeper holes in it. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Koh Tao Coral Restoration Project | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reef, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Implemented by CRC team on February 2010 off the southern tip of Koh Tao Island, this Coral Conservation Program shows excellent results. Before reef modules installation and coral transplantation, the implementation area was a deserted field of dead corals. More than 4.5 years after its creation and thanks to the local community involvement, this coral reef is the permanent shelter of an amazing marine biodiversity. | Post-restoration monitoring: 54 months | Authors' conclusion: Quantitative outcomes:800 corals transplanted, 24 coral species, 61 fish species | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral recruitment onto an experimental pulverized fuel ash-concrete artificial reef | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Land reclamation | Genera: Oulastrea, Culicia | Method: An experimental artificial reef was used to document natural coral recruitment onto a stabilised pulverised fuel ash (PFA)–concrete artificial reef.The blocks were deployed in a random fashion from a barge within the gazetted site, in a pyramid shape. Additionally, 176 test blocks made from four cement/PFA (pulverised fuel ash) mixes were placed to determine seasonal patterns of coral recruitment. Cumulative coral recruitment onto the artificial reef was studied over a period of two years. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Two species of coral recruited to the blocks. O. crispata settled predominantly on the undersides of the reef blocks, and C. japonica had a preference for exposed surfaces. O. crispata did not show a preference for block composition whereas C. japonica favoured blocks with high (75% by volume) PFA levels. | Lessons reported: This shows that PFA–concrete is a potential substratum for artificial reef construction, especially when such reefs aim at rehabilitating corals. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.