Ecosystem Assets

Published as: Development of Restoration Technology for Coral Reefs Using “Marine Block™.” JFE Technical Report. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Testing Marine Rock in Indonesia. Calcium carbonate based block were used to create a substrate in unstable degraded areas. Coral larvae settlement devices were used to collect coral planula, which were out planted after 1 year. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 93% | Post-restoration monitoring: 1 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival of translocated colonies | Lessons reported: None | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Farming of the fire‐coral Millepora alcicornis for reef restoration purposes: the influence of inclination on growth. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Millepora | Method: Coral fragments on trays, oriented horizontally and vertically. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 100% | Post-restoration monitoring: 3 months | Authors' conclusion: While horizontal nubbins grew more branch tips, vertical nubbins had higher growth. Authors speculate that orientation of fragment should be guided by objective: Fast growth=vertical, increase 3D complexity=horizontal orientation. | Lessons reported: If nubbins are to be used as new donor colonies, they should be grown horizontally, since number of branch tips are increased in that orientation. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The decline and restoration of Acropora cervicornis in Montego Bay: Exploring the anthozoics and anthozoculture of A. cervicornis. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Different genets of A. cervicornis were cultured in nurseries and outplanted to reef sites of different depths and habitat characteristics. | Post-restoration monitoring: 11 months | Authors' conclusion: The amount of coral initially harvested from the wild reef for 65 fragments at 5 cm each, some 325 linear centimetres, with nursery growth yielded some 4277.5 centimetres for planting. After 11 months 1521.15cm remained, a net increase of 1196cm or 4.7-fold from the initial wild harvest. The strengths and weaknesses between the genets in the nurseries were not particularly prevalent on the planted reef, though trends occurred towards better performance in the stronger genets. | Lessons reported: The importance of adaptive management and site choice. Planting in areas of urchin and fish grazing provides greater success, but ultimately many of the deleterious issues (algal competition, sedimentation, disease and predation) protected for in the nursery are still an issue on the wild reef. Heritable resistances to stress does not extend to predation or disease. Restoration programmes must in… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral Transplants Offer Hope to Threatened Reefs | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Acropora | Method: Grew coral fragments in ex-situ nurseries | Authors' conclusion: Unanswered questions remain: What size of coral survives transplants better? When is the best time to conduct the transplantation? What genetic strains of a single species survive best? How do other species compare? How long does it take to restore a reef? | Lessons reported: Ex-situ to in-situ transplantation is feasible | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The role of habitat creation in coral reef conservation: a case study from Aceh, Indonesia | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Tsunami | Genera: Acropora, Montipora, Pavona, Cyphastrea, Favia, Favites, Porites, Pocillopora, Seriatopora, Stylophora, Psammocora, Stylocoeniella, Millepora | Method: The artificial reefs consisted of concrete modules placed on the seabed of sand and rubble at depths of 2–9 m. Each module was c. 1.25 m2 and there were c. 260 modules in total. Once oysters had recruited to the blocks, c. 4–6 weeks after immersion, the blocks were scrubbed free of sessile life and live coral fragments were attached. Benthic and fish communities were monitored on five randomly selected artificial reefs and on nearby control reefs. | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral cover on artificial reef modules increased from a mean of 24% 1 year after the initial attachment of Acropora spp. coral fragments to 64% after 3 years. The artificial reef modules were also rapidly colonized by coral recruits, with densities nearly twice as high as recruit densities on natural reef substratum and with at least 23 coral taxa. The artificial reefs also supported at least 29 reef fish species from 11 families. | Lessons reported: Other benefits of this project included raising the awareness of reef conservation in the local community, promotion of tourism on Pulau Weh and job creation. We conclude, therefore, that habitat creation has a legitimate role as part of an integrated marine conservation strategy. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Comparison of three types of adhesives in attaching coral transplants to clam shell substrates | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora, Merulina, Agaricia, Heliopora, Porites | Method: 45 giant clam shells (300-500mm length) used as substrate. Using hand-held grinder 12 notches on the ridges of each shell were made and identification labels were glued on each shell. One nubbin of each coral species (each 2-3 cm length, total of 540 nubbins) was attached to each clam using one type of adhesive per shell on the horizontal surface of the shell. 3 adhesive methods: 1) Cyanoacrylate glue (Super Glue Gel by Loctite); 2) Epoxy putty (Epoxyclay Aqua by Pioneer); 3) Marine epoxy (Non-… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 57.4% | Authors' conclusion: Mortalities between species varied with highest mortality for Pocilloporids (between 71-82%) and A.muricata (71%). Lowest mortality for P. frondifera, H. coerulea and P. cylindrica with only between1-7 mortalities during the study. Overall SG treatment had poorest atachment effectiveness and self-attachment rate, however might do well in calm and sheltered environments. EP and ME performed equally well in atachment effectiveness, survival, and self-attachment, but differences between application time, cost, ease and effectiveness of attachment were observed. | Lessons reported: Appropriate attachment method should be selected and species specific traits should be considered carefully when selecting species to reintroduce as they determine which transplants survived in experiment. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral Restoration in Sosua | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Genera: Mixed | Method: Small dome like frames onto which corals are planted. Similar to the maldives | Authors' conclusion: Goals included - Using proven techniques, establish 12 new coral growth domes in Sosua bay by May 1, 2017; - Recruit 12 sponsors for the dome project; - Enhance and maintain the existing coral nurseries; - Obtain 12 new sponsorships for 12 coral growth ropes my May 1, 2017; - Provide monthly updates on the progress of the project; - Raise awareness of the health of the oceans and the need to preserve them by distributing information to local businesses for public use | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral Gardening Gili Trawangan | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Creation of electrified structures on to which corals of opportunity are attached to the structures with cable ties . | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: 63 biorock structures deployed between 2004-2012. As of end of 2017 153 structures around the three #Gili Islands | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Assessment of Wild and Restored Staghorn Coral Acropora Cervicornis across Three Reef Zones in the Cayman Islands. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Evaluating transplant survival on three reef zones, compared to natural (control) corals. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 85% | Post-restoration monitoring: 2.8 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival, growth and colony breakage differed between reef zones. Intermediate zone appears most suitable for transplantation in Caymans Is. | Lessons reported: Survival highest at intermediate site, which is most similar to nursery depth, suggests that coral fragments have higher chance of survival when transplanted to sites similar to nursery/source depth | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Pilot study of fragments on sand. Large fragments were placed on sand in various configurations to test the feasibility of transplanting corals on sand in two depths (shallow and deep). | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 47.4667% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: All but three fragments died in shallow sites, while survival was higher in deeper sites. In particular, fragments with multiple branches survived at a higher arte (100%) than single branches (40%). The double brache also grew faster than single branches | Lessons reported: Coral gardening can be achieved by creating rubble nursery sites, and transplanting fused coral fragments onto reefs. Fragments should be diverse to encourage resilience to disease etc. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Large-scale coral reef restoration could assist natural recovery in Seychelles, Indian Ocean | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora | Method: The authors quantified how coral transplantation influenced natural coral recruitment at a large-scale coral reef restoration site. A total of 24,431 nursery-grown coral colonies from 10 different coral species were transplanted in 5,225 m2 (0.52 ha) of degraded reef at the no-take marine reserve. Settlement tiles were deployed to measure recruitment. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Six months after tile deployment, total spat density at the transplanted site was 1.8 times higher than at a healthy control site and 1.6 times higher than at a degraded site. Two years after first transplantation, the total recruit density was highest at healthy site, intermediate at transplanted site, and lowest at degraded site. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Assessment of juvenile coral populations at two reef restoration sites in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: Indicators of success? | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Ship grounding | Genera: Porites, Diploria, Favia, Siderastrea, Agaricia, Millepora, Pseudopterogorgia, Montastrea | Method: Three years after restoration of 2 ship grounding sites, coral and benthic (which were at most 3 yrs old) were mapped and identified. The two sites, characterised by different materials, were compared. | Authors' conclusion: Coral assemblages differ markedly in density, size distribution, and diversity between the two sites. Within the Maitland site, coral recruitment is positively associated with rough lime rocks embedded in the concrete restoration structure, but the coral assemblage is dominated by a single species, Porites astreoides. At the Elpis site, the juvenile coral assemblage has four taxa and juvenile coral density 50% greater than Maitland. This is probably due to differences in the benthic algal assemblages at the two sites, resulting from differing structure designs (e.g., differing material, surfa… | Lessons reported: Horizontal surfaces are likely to enhance sediment trapping by filamentous algae. Surface roughness is likely to be correlated with a more diverse coral assemblage. Surfaces that promote the growth of CCA are also likely to attract a more diverse coral community. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Performance of single versus mixed coral species for transplantation to restore degraded reefs. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Porites, Pavona | Method: Experiment comparing the survival and the growth of corals transplanted in single-species plots with those in mixed-species plots. Corals attached directly onto substrate with epoxy, either in drilled holes or pre-existing crevices. Three treatments were tested: 1) single species assemblage P. cylindrica 2) single species assemblage P. frondifera 3) both species mixed | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 89.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: P. cylindrica had overall high survival (84-95%), and was unaffected by single vs mixed species assemblages. However. P. frondifera showed site effects, with higher survival in low water movement sites. P. frondofera showed higher survival in mixed assemblages on high water movement sites. The authors claim that the high mortality on the high water movement sites was due to predation by COTS and Drupella. Neither species showed any long term differences in linear growth in any treatment. | Lessons reported: Pick a species that is not a COTS (or other coral predator) favourite. P. cylindrica is not a preferred species, and was this spared. However, Hydnophora rigida was completely consumed by COTS in a pilot experiment. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Enhancing the biodiversity of coastal defence structures: transplantation of nursery-reared reef biota onto intertidal seawalls | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: Construction | Genera: Porites, Pocillopora, Diploastrea, Goniastrea | Method: The project is attempting to establish a coral reef on sewalls erected in area of high ship traffic. Fragments collected and transported to ex situ nursery, stored for 1 month, then further fragmented, and allowed to grow in holding tanks for a further 3 months. Coral fragments were then attached (15 cm apart) to the stone seawall using marine epoxy. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 15.9% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Almost half of P. lobata fragments survived after 2 years, however P. damicornis and H rigida suffered complete mortality after 2 months. 90% G. minuta and 10% D. heliopora survived after 12 months. | Lessons reported: While all coral species were present on nearby reefs, some were more successful than others. Slow growing massive corals were better suited for the high energy environment than fast-growing branching corals, which were more vulnerable to becoming dislodged by flotsam. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Community-based coral reef rehabilitation in a changing climate: lessons learned from hurricanes, extreme rainfall, and changing land use impacts. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Corals were farmed on frames (180 × 150 cm wire panels with 15 × 15 cm sq. holes). Each farm was subdivided in 6 replicate units per site, one per each genetic clone, at approximately 5 m depth. A total of 80 replicate fragments per clone, per site, were grown during a year in 2011-2012 on the frames. A second experiment, conducted a year later, used larger fragments (32-37cm). | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 73% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival rate in “A frame” units improved from 73% during 2011-2012 to 81% during 2012-2013. Coral survival rate improved to 97% in horizontal line nurseries (HLN) incorporated during 2012-2013. Percent tissue cover ranged from 86% to 91% in “A frames”, but reached 98% in HLN. Mean coral skeletal extension was 27 cm/y in “A frames” and 40 cm/y in HLN. These growth rates were up to 545% to 857% faster than previous reports from coral farms from other parts of the Caribbean, and up to 438% faster than wild colonies. Coral mortality was attributed to hurricane physical impacts and sediment-laden… | Lessons reported: Achieving successful local management of reefs and adjacent lands is vital to maintain the sustained net production in coral farms and of reef structure, and the provision of the important ecosystem services that they provide. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral colonisation of an artificial reef in a turbid nearshore environment, Dampier Harbour, Western Australia | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Land reclamation | Genera: mixed | Method: A 0.6 hectare artificial reef of local rock and recycled concrete sleepers was constructed in December 2006 at Parker Point in the industrial port of Dampier, western Australia, with the aim of providing an environmental offset for a nearshore coral community lost to land reclamation. Coral communities were compared to a nearby control reef. Coral settlement to the artificial reef was examined by terracotta tile deployments, and later stages of coral community development were examined by in-si… | Post-restoration monitoring: 60 months | Authors' conclusion: Corals successfully colonised the artificial reef, despite the relatively harsh environmental conditions at the site. Mean coral density on the tiles varied from 113 ± 17 SE to 909 ± 85 SE per m2 over five deployments, whereas mean coral density in the quadrats was only 6.0 ± 1.0 SE per m2 at eight months post construction, increasing to 24.0 ± 2.1 SE per m2 at 62 months post construction. Coral taxa colonising the artificial reef were a subset of those on the surrounding natural reef, but occurred in different proportion —Pseudosiderastrea tayami, Mycedium elephantotus and Leptastrea purpure… | Lessons reported: This study indicates that simple materials of opportunity can provide a suitable substrate for coral recruitment in Dampier Harbour, and that natural colonisation at the study site remains sufficient to initiate a coral community on artificial substrate despite ongoing natural and anthropogenic perturbations. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Corals mass-cultured from eggs and transplanted as juveniles to their native, remote coral reef | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Eggs were obtained from captive of A. tenuis spawning and the resulting larvae and juvenile corals were cultured under laboratory conditions. A total of 564 substrates with ~63,000 juvenile corals at the age of 10 mo were transported to the native reef. They were transplanted in 3 experimental treatments, in order to evaluate effectiveness of protection by cages, hiding the juveniles under other substrates, and the effects of orientation on coral growth. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 59% | Post-restoration monitoring: 22 months | Authors' conclusion: The cages protected the corals from predation by fishes. The unshaded, upward facing corals in the cages steadily increased their coverage nearly 4-fold in ~2 yr. In the other treatments colonies persisted, but failed to increase in cover. | Lessons reported: The large and complicated structure of the substrates used in the present experiment resulted in too many juveniles on one substrate; only a few larger colonies are needed per substrate for transplantation | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral transplantation program in the Paraiso coral reef, Cozumel Island, Mexico | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Construction | Genera: Not reported | Method: Benthic fauna (mobile and sessile) was removed from the area of a proposed building site and relocated between 100 and 600 m away. Artificial substrata were used to transplant sessile organisms. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 97% | Post-restoration monitoring: 1 months | Authors' conclusion: 23,796 individual organisms, including 161 species belonging to 17 groups, were moved from a proposed building site to a location between 100 and 600m away, which was enhanced with artificial substrata. High survival rate (97%) overall in the first month indicates a successful rescue of organisms. | Lessons reported: Artificial reef structures combined with transplantation efforts enhanced survival | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Steps towards the evaluation of coral reef restoration by using small branch fragments | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Stylophora | Method: Measured differences in calcification rates in fragments of different sizes, transplanted from different depths | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 70% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Up to 70% variation in growth rates between up-growing branches of a specific genet. Tip ratios in dichotomous branches di€ffer significantly between newly formed and older branches. Small-sized branches are suitable for restoration purposes. | Lessons reported: Restoration may either sacrifice whole large colonies via pruning high numbers of small fragments or, by pruning a few small branches from each one of many genets. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Re-establishment of fish populations on a reef flat degraded by coral quarrying in the Maldives | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Coral mining | Genera: n/a | Method: Four sets of artificial structures of varying structural complexity were deployed into three replicate 5 x 10 m sites, each positioned at the centre of a 50 x 50 m grid square. The four types of structures were: (1) one-cubic-metre SHED (Shephard Hill Energy Dissipator) hollow concrete blocks, modified with infills to reduce internal space, (2) Armorflex-220 flexible concrete mattresses (62 m2), (3) Armorflex onto which corals were transplanted (36 m2), and (4) chain-link fencing anchored by pa… | Post-restoration monitoring: 16 months | Authors' conclusion: Within one year of emplacement, the three sets of structures with higher topographic complexity were supporting fish communities of similar species richness and higher density than undisturbed control reefs. However, after one year the fish species composition was significantly different from that in undisturbed reefs. | Lessons reported: Structures with higher topographic complexity are more successful at attracting fish on degraded reefs. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Can a small artificial reef reduce diving pressure from a natural coral reef? | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: Acropora, Stylophora, Pocillopora, Dendronephthya and others | Method: Deploying artificial reef in area with extremely high densities of scuba diving tourists. Six large (4 x 4 x 4m) concrete units were deployed on sandy bottom, and left for 5 months, before coral transplants were attached in pre drilled holes. Diving groups were followed before and after deployment, immediately following coral transplantation and two years post deployment, and time spent on the artificial reef was compared to time spent inside the adjacent marine park, and a nearby coral outcrop… | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: The deployment of the artificial reefs did not change the visitation rates inside the marine reserve or adjacent coral bommie, either for certified or uncertified divers in training. However, the duration of dives inside the MPA were reduced for instructor-lead dives. | Lessons reported: An artificial reef in close proximity to an otherwise attractive dive site (e.g MPA) must be sufficiently large and attractive to encourage instructors/guides/divers to divert their time to it. However, an attractive artificial reef further away from the MPA may completely divert divers away from the MPA. The authors further suggest that the location of artificial dive sites should be discussed w… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Prevalence, consequences, and mitigation of fireworm predation on endangered staghorn coral | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Comparison of wild and transplanted populations of A. cervicornis to assess predation by fireworms, growth and the cost of predation. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Predation by the fireworm Hermodice carunculata was variable on both wild (0 to 51%) and restocked (0 to 53%) populations. The risk of preyed branches showing progressive tissue loss at the subsequent survey was 10 times higher than for non-preyed branches. Mean healing time for preyed branch tips was 110 ± 6 d. Removing the dead skeleton from preyed branch tips accelerated recovery to 46 d (range: 22 to 92 d). | Lessons reported: Fireworm predation imposes significant costs on both remnant wild and restocked staghorn colonies, but removing dead tips, rather than leaving them to bioerode, is a useful strategy to accelerate recovery from predation. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Successful transplantation of a fragmenting coral, Montipora digitata, for reef rehabilitation | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Montipora | Method: Fragments were transplanted to two different locations. The treatments were: Low-Horizontal, Low-Vertical, High-Horizontal, and High-Vertical. Each treatment was replicated on each of three bommies in a site, yielding three replicates per treatment. Forty transplants were used for each density × surface combination. Survival and growth were monitored bimonthly. | Post-restoration monitoring: 21 months | Authors' conclusion: Growth and survival were significantly better at the site that resembled the natural habitat of the donor corals more closely. Environmental conditions at this site also favored the establishment of a greater diversity of species around the coral transplants. There was no difference in performance between transplants on vertical and horizontal surfaces, and the transplants showed limited differences due to density within the experimental range. Water motion showed significant effects on survival and growth. | Lessons reported: Effects of physical environmental variables. The presence of M. digitata at a previously denuded site enhanced structural complexity, and, as a result, overall diversity of benthic organisms. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Reef Arabia Rehabilitation Project | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: yes | Method: Deploying large, prefabricated cement structures to the seafloor to re-create habitat for repopulation by marine community | Authors' conclusion: The fish are coming back in all types and colors. The coral reef is flourishing again. The fishermen are benefiting. And the dive sites are amazing to visit again. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Accelerated regeneration of hard corals: a manual for coral reef users and managers. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Pocillopora, Stylophora, Acropora, massive faviids | Method: Fragments were taken from nearby healthy reefs, and placed on rubble or attached to dead branches with cable ties. | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Low survival for fragments <25 cm, but high survival for fragments >30cm. No difference in survival for randomly scattered fragments compared to carefully placed ones and those attached to the substrate. | Lessons reported: Fragments with 3D structure show higher survival because parts of the fragment is raised above the substratum. Survival of fragments exposed to air for <60 minutes, not significantly different from those transported in water. In calm, areas no need to attach fragments, however any water movement is likely to dislodge un attached fragments. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Bomb-cratered coral reefs in Puerto Rico, the untold story about a novel habitat: from reef destruction to community-based ecological rehabilitation | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: Military bombing | Genera: Acropora | Method: Comparison of benthic communities on 35-50 year-old bomb-cratered coral reefs with adjacent non-impacted sites; 2) coral recruit density and fish community structure within and outside craters; and 3) early effects of a rehabilitation effort using low-tech coral farming. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 83.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Outplanted colonies showed outstanding survival and growth rates and contributed to coral cover. | Lessons reported: Low-tech, community based approaches to culture, harvest and transplant A. cervicornis into formerly bombarded grounds proved highly successful in fomenting increasing benthic spatial heterogeneity, while fostering meaningful community-based participation. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Transforming and degraded reef: The Aquabar Snorkel Trail | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: These corals and other invertebrates were collected from non-reefal habitats, areas undergoing sand extraction, reef flat communities that were exposed at low tide and 2 lagoonal patch reefs. Dead coral rubble was collected and coalesced into a base for the trail. | Post-restoration monitoring: 1 months | Authors' conclusion: The new snorkel trail was created solely using corals that were rescued and would otherwise die. Many of the corals were infested with coral predators, and these were removed, saving the corals from inevitable death. In addition to the snorkel trail, we created the largest rope nursery in the Maldives which contains more coral fragments than any other nurseries we have established around Dhigu to date. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Plasticity in skeletal characteristics of nursery-raised staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Compared linear extension, calcification rate, and skeletal density of nursery-raised A. cervicornis branches reared for 6 months either on blocks attached to substratum or hanging from PVC trees in the water column. | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Branches grown on the substratum had significantly higher skeletal density and lower linear extension rates compared to water column fragments. Calcification rates determined with buoyant weighing were not statistically different between the two grow-out methods, but did vary among coral genotypes. Whereas skeletal density and extension rates were plastic traits that depended on grow-out method, calcification rate was conserved. | Lessons reported: The two rearing methods generate the same amount of calcium carbonate skeleton but produce colonies with different skeletal characteristics and suggest that there is genetically based variability in coral calcification performance. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Soneva Kiri Coral Garden Project | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reef, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Transplant corals onto metal frames and pieces of reef rubble. Reef rubble used to weigh down and fill in the base of the metal frames Modules cable tied together to create a larger structure. Youtube Video: The Soneva Kiri Coral Garden was set up by Coral Reef Creator's Team in Koh Kood - Thailand in October 2011. About 2000 coral fragments where grafted on this news coral reef ecosystem. This movie was released in January 2013. You can see the result 15 months after coral transplantation. | Authors' conclusion: Quantitative outcomes:2000 corals transplanted, 27 coral species, 69 fish species | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Best practices manual for Caribbean Acropora restoration. Puntacana Ecological Foundation. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: not relevant | Method: Cultivation and out-planting using the 'cookie tray'-method. Flat/massive coral fragments are placed on button-like trays made from cement. Monofilament line is passed through holes in the trays, and used to attach the flat coral fragments to the disc. Cookies are then placed on the supportive ends of the wireframe tables. | Authors' conclusion: A. palmata fragments quickly fused over the cement cookie, and further grow vertically from the disc. | Lessons reported: May require a high degree of maintenance as mesh and cookies are overgrown by algae. Place close to reef where abundant herbivores are present to alleviate this problem. Ensure that the disc is sufficiently large for the chosen coral species. Some corals (eg A. palmata) will not initiate vertical growth until a sufficient base is established. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Tissue regeneration rate of coral transplants in a wave exposed environment, Cape D'Aguilar, Hong Kong. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Favia, Goniastrea, Porites | Method: Investigating how the regeneration of tissue occurs in transplanted corals, and how it is impacted by different sheltering regimes. Colonies collected and transported to ex situ aquaria, and held for one month. A lesion is then inflicted on the coral colony, and recovery is recorded. | Post-restoration monitoring: 4 months | Authors' conclusion: Generation times differed between species, wave exposure and attachment method. Exposed sites with loose attachment methods (ie hook and rope) were the slowest to regenerate. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Reef rescuers program | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: acropora, pocillopora | Method: Mid water rope and net nurseries. Weighted at the bottom and floats to keep buoyant. | Authors' conclusion: Coral Gardening concept was selected from among other coral regeneration methods for its simplicity, cost effectiveness and low-impact on donor sites more than 13,000 nursery-grown colonies have been transplanted using two different techniques. The long-term “success” of this mass transplantation is yet to be monitored but the project has already had a very positive knowledge-building impact | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Museo Subacuático de Arte | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: TO reduce pressure on surrounding reefs this artificial reef was constructed. Corals attached only to some structures. Not all. | Post-restoration monitoring: 60 months | Authors' conclusion: The Cancun Marine Park is one of the most visited stretches of water in the world with over 750,000 visitors each year, placing immense pressure on its resources. The location of the sculptures promotes the recovery of the natural reefs at it relieves pressure on them by drawing visitors away. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Genotype and attachment technique influence the growth and survival of line nursery corals | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Assessed growth, condition, and survivorship of A. cervicornis nursery colonies of three distinct genotypes grown via two line nursery techniques (suspended and direct line attachment [vertical]). | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 71.8182% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Direct line attachment resulted in poor survival (43%) and growth (9.5±1.33 cm/year), whereas suspended culture had 100% survival and increased growth (61.1±4.19 cm/year). Suspended culture had significantly reduced disease prevalence and prevented colony predation. | Lessons reported: Suspended coral growth was also comparable to a neighboring fixed structure nursery (55.2±7.86 cm/year), and found to be as effective in propagating corals as fixed structures. Nurseries should not exclude genotypes with lower productivity or survivorship, as these characteristics are not necessarily temporally or geographically consistent. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: In Situ Nurseries Enhance Coral Transplant Growth in Sedimented Waters. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Pachyseris, Pocillopora | Method: Testing whether nursery reared fragments do better than direct transplants | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.