Ecosystem Assets

Published as: The culture, transplantation and storage of Montastraea faveolata, Acropora cervicornis and Acropora palmata: What we have learned so far. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: ship grounding | Genera: Montastrea | Method: Experiment 1 tested minimum viable size of fragments, and outplant orientation. Montastraea faveolata cores were mounted on pickets and reared in aquaria (1 year), before being out planted (1 & 2 years). | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 63.8889% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: 100% survival in nurseries, 63% survival of out planted corals. No corals died in situ, but were lost from outplanting site.Orientation of out planted fragments did not affect growth or survival. There were significant year and site effects on growth. | Lessons reported: Cores grew tissue over epoxy, while cores with exposed skeletons remained exposed (ie the tissue did not cover the coral skeleton) allowing algae and boring invertebrates to colonise. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Development of Restoration Technology for Coral Reefs Using “Marine Block™.” JFE Technical Report. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Testing Marine Rock in Indonesia. Calcium carbonate based block were used to create a substrate in unstable degraded areas. Coral larvae settlement devices were used to collect coral planula, which were out planted after 1 year. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 93% | Post-restoration monitoring: 1 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival of translocated colonies | Lessons reported: None | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Farming of the fire‐coral Millepora alcicornis for reef restoration purposes: the influence of inclination on growth. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Millepora | Method: Coral fragments on trays, oriented horizontally and vertically. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 100% | Post-restoration monitoring: 3 months | Authors' conclusion: While horizontal nubbins grew more branch tips, vertical nubbins had higher growth. Authors speculate that orientation of fragment should be guided by objective: Fast growth=vertical, increase 3D complexity=horizontal orientation. | Lessons reported: If nubbins are to be used as new donor colonies, they should be grown horizontally, since number of branch tips are increased in that orientation. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral Gardening Gili Trawangan | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Creation of electrified structures on to which corals of opportunity are attached to the structures with cable ties . | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: 63 biorock structures deployed between 2004-2012. As of end of 2017 153 structures around the three #Gili Islands | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Assessment of Wild and Restored Staghorn Coral Acropora Cervicornis across Three Reef Zones in the Cayman Islands. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Evaluating transplant survival on three reef zones, compared to natural (control) corals. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 85% | Post-restoration monitoring: 2.8 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival, growth and colony breakage differed between reef zones. Intermediate zone appears most suitable for transplantation in Caymans Is. | Lessons reported: Survival highest at intermediate site, which is most similar to nursery depth, suggests that coral fragments have higher chance of survival when transplanted to sites similar to nursery/source depth | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Comparison of three types of adhesives in attaching coral transplants to clam shell substrates | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora, Merulina, Agaricia, Heliopora, Porites | Method: 45 giant clam shells (300-500mm length) used as substrate. Using hand-held grinder 12 notches on the ridges of each shell were made and identification labels were glued on each shell. One nubbin of each coral species (each 2-3 cm length, total of 540 nubbins) was attached to each clam using one type of adhesive per shell on the horizontal surface of the shell. 3 adhesive methods: 1) Cyanoacrylate glue (Super Glue Gel by Loctite); 2) Epoxy putty (Epoxyclay Aqua by Pioneer); 3) Marine epoxy (Non-… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 57.4% | Authors' conclusion: Mortalities between species varied with highest mortality for Pocilloporids (between 71-82%) and A.muricata (71%). Lowest mortality for P. frondifera, H. coerulea and P. cylindrica with only between1-7 mortalities during the study. Overall SG treatment had poorest atachment effectiveness and self-attachment rate, however might do well in calm and sheltered environments. EP and ME performed equally well in atachment effectiveness, survival, and self-attachment, but differences between application time, cost, ease and effectiveness of attachment were observed. | Lessons reported: Appropriate attachment method should be selected and species specific traits should be considered carefully when selecting species to reintroduce as they determine which transplants survived in experiment. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Performance of single versus mixed coral species for transplantation to restore degraded reefs. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Porites, Pavona | Method: Experiment comparing the survival and the growth of corals transplanted in single-species plots with those in mixed-species plots. Corals attached directly onto substrate with epoxy, either in drilled holes or pre-existing crevices. Three treatments were tested: 1) single species assemblage P. cylindrica 2) single species assemblage P. frondifera 3) both species mixed | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 89.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: P. cylindrica had overall high survival (84-95%), and was unaffected by single vs mixed species assemblages. However. P. frondifera showed site effects, with higher survival in low water movement sites. P. frondofera showed higher survival in mixed assemblages on high water movement sites. The authors claim that the high mortality on the high water movement sites was due to predation by COTS and Drupella. Neither species showed any long term differences in linear growth in any treatment. | Lessons reported: Pick a species that is not a COTS (or other coral predator) favourite. P. cylindrica is not a preferred species, and was this spared. However, Hydnophora rigida was completely consumed by COTS in a pilot experiment. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: At the Water's Edge | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: yes | Method: Deployed steel cages into which rocks were placed to create a breakwall from damaging waves. | Authors' conclusion: The artificial reef, the restored beach, and the mangroves will also act as a barrier during storms – protecting people during natural disasters. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Reef rescuers program | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: acropora, pocillopora | Method: Mid water rope and net nurseries. Weighted at the bottom and floats to keep buoyant. | Authors' conclusion: Coral Gardening concept was selected from among other coral regeneration methods for its simplicity, cost effectiveness and low-impact on donor sites more than 13,000 nursery-grown colonies have been transplanted using two different techniques. The long-term “success” of this mass transplantation is yet to be monitored but the project has already had a very positive knowledge-building impact | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral colonisation of an artificial reef in a turbid nearshore environment, Dampier Harbour, Western Australia | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Land reclamation | Genera: mixed | Method: A 0.6 hectare artificial reef of local rock and recycled concrete sleepers was constructed in December 2006 at Parker Point in the industrial port of Dampier, western Australia, with the aim of providing an environmental offset for a nearshore coral community lost to land reclamation. Coral communities were compared to a nearby control reef. Coral settlement to the artificial reef was examined by terracotta tile deployments, and later stages of coral community development were examined by in-si… | Post-restoration monitoring: 60 months | Authors' conclusion: Corals successfully colonised the artificial reef, despite the relatively harsh environmental conditions at the site. Mean coral density on the tiles varied from 113 ± 17 SE to 909 ± 85 SE per m2 over five deployments, whereas mean coral density in the quadrats was only 6.0 ± 1.0 SE per m2 at eight months post construction, increasing to 24.0 ± 2.1 SE per m2 at 62 months post construction. Coral taxa colonising the artificial reef were a subset of those on the surrounding natural reef, but occurred in different proportion —Pseudosiderastrea tayami, Mycedium elephantotus and Leptastrea purpure… | Lessons reported: This study indicates that simple materials of opportunity can provide a suitable substrate for coral recruitment in Dampier Harbour, and that natural colonisation at the study site remains sufficient to initiate a coral community on artificial substrate despite ongoing natural and anthropogenic perturbations. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Enhancement of Grazing Gastropod Populations as a Coral Reef Restoration Tool: Predation Effects and Related Applied Implications | Technique: Substrate addition - artificial reef, Substrate Enhancement - Algae removal | Disturbance addressed: Overfishing | Genera: Pocillopora, Acropora, Porites, Montipora, Echinopora | Method: Factorial experiment with 42 experimental Reef Balls (tm): 14 with transplanted corals at low density (9.5 /m2), 14 at high density (19/m2), and 14 without coral transplants (control). Half of the Reef Balls (tm) in each treatment category were stocked with cultured trochus shells. Trochus niloticus were spawned and reared in aquaria for 5-6 months before release onto reef balls. Trochus were stocked at high densities that were continuously maintained over 6 months. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 74% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: The addition of an algal grazer did not enhance coral growth/recruitment on artificial reefs. No difference in recruitment, recruit/transplanted coral survival in either treatment. Speculate that octopus may have consumed large proportion of shells, reducing densities below those required to have an impact on algae cover. | Lessons reported: Even heavily fished reefs that have been depleted of herbivores can have sufficient densities of octopus to feed on trochus shells. Therefore, the authors recommend adding refugia for trochus grazers that protect them from predators. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Steps towards the evaluation of coral reef restoration by using small branch fragments | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Stylophora | Method: Measured differences in calcification rates in fragments of different sizes, transplanted from different depths | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 70% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Up to 70% variation in growth rates between up-growing branches of a specific genet. Tip ratios in dichotomous branches di€ffer significantly between newly formed and older branches. Small-sized branches are suitable for restoration purposes. | Lessons reported: Restoration may either sacrifice whole large colonies via pruning high numbers of small fragments or, by pruning a few small branches from each one of many genets. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Three methods of coral transplantation for the purpose of reestablishing a coral community in the thermal effluent area at the Tanguisson power plant. University of Guam, Marine Laboratory. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Thermal effluent | Genera: Psammocora, Stylophora, Pocillopora, Acropora, Montipora, Pavona, Porites, Favia, Lobophyllia | Method: An early transplantation experiment testing whether corals which have a higher thermal tolerance can be transplanted onto a site impacted by thermal effluent from a power plant. Three transplantation techniques were tested: 1) Whole colonies were removed and attached at the site using plastic coated wire. 2) Fragments were scattered over the reef area, 3) Coral nubbins were epoxied onto terracotta tiles and placed on the restoration site. The transplantation site was divided by distance to heat… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 0% | Post-restoration monitoring: 14 months | Authors' conclusion: All corals transplanted into thermal effluent zone died, and the authors conclude that it is not possible to transplant corals species known to show thermal tolerance into a reef area subjected to high temperatures. All fragments scattered on the reef were lost after 2 months. Similarly, all terracotta tiles with nubbins were also lost. High survival of transplanted corals in control areas however (89 and 95%). | Lessons reported: Even though species may be thermally tolerant, they may be stressed due to to other factors (eg. irradiance). Colonies on control reefs (without thermal effluent) rapidly overgrow the plastic covered wire, and show hgh survival. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Museo Subacuático de Arte | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: TO reduce pressure on surrounding reefs this artificial reef was constructed. Corals attached only to some structures. Not all. | Post-restoration monitoring: 60 months | Authors' conclusion: The Cancun Marine Park is one of the most visited stretches of water in the world with over 750,000 visitors each year, placing immense pressure on its resources. The location of the sculptures promotes the recovery of the natural reefs at it relieves pressure on them by drawing visitors away. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Impacts of Fragment Genotype, Habitat, and Size on Outplanted Elkhorn Coral Success under Thermal Stress. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Expt 2: 4 genotypes of A. palmata outplanted on 2 distinct habitat types, Fore reef (wave exposed) and patch reef (mid-channel) | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 56.25% | Post-restoration monitoring: 18 months | Authors' conclusion: Significant differences in both survival and growth between genotypes, while bleaching differed between genotypes, habitat and sites. No evidence to suggest that locally sourced genotypes (ie with local adaptations) would fare better than foreign genotypes. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restoration sites | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Acropora | Method: After six to eight months growing in the nursery, corals are healthy and mature enough to be transplanted to a restoration site. These are reef sites that are degraded and damaged and would benefit from Staghorn and Elkhorn corals growing there. Corals are taken from the nursery and are transplanted to restoration sites (damaged reef areas) using a couple of different methods. Corals are tagged to keep track of the genetic information and to allow for short and long-term monitoring. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: There are many criteria for selecting a coral restoration site. Each of them plays an important role in helping to determine where we transplant and how many corals get placed at that site. A few we take into consideration are existing wild populations, depth, water quality, bottom type, size of the area, predator abundance, wave exposure, and the effects of human activities. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The role of habitat creation in coral reef conservation: a case study from Aceh, Indonesia | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Tsunami | Genera: Acropora, Montipora, Pavona, Cyphastrea, Favia, Favites, Porites, Pocillopora, Seriatopora, Stylophora, Psammocora, Stylocoeniella, Millepora | Method: The artificial reefs consisted of concrete modules placed on the seabed of sand and rubble at depths of 2–9 m. Each module was c. 1.25 m2 and there were c. 260 modules in total. Once oysters had recruited to the blocks, c. 4–6 weeks after immersion, the blocks were scrubbed free of sessile life and live coral fragments were attached. Benthic and fish communities were monitored on five randomly selected artificial reefs and on nearby control reefs. | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral cover on artificial reef modules increased from a mean of 24% 1 year after the initial attachment of Acropora spp. coral fragments to 64% after 3 years. The artificial reef modules were also rapidly colonized by coral recruits, with densities nearly twice as high as recruit densities on natural reef substratum and with at least 23 coral taxa. The artificial reefs also supported at least 29 reef fish species from 11 families. | Lessons reported: Other benefits of this project included raising the awareness of reef conservation in the local community, promotion of tourism on Pulau Weh and job creation. We conclude, therefore, that habitat creation has a legitimate role as part of an integrated marine conservation strategy. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Soneva Kiri Coral Garden Project | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reef, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Transplant corals onto metal frames and pieces of reef rubble. Reef rubble used to weigh down and fill in the base of the metal frames Modules cable tied together to create a larger structure. Youtube Video: The Soneva Kiri Coral Garden was set up by Coral Reef Creator's Team in Koh Kood - Thailand in October 2011. About 2000 coral fragments where grafted on this news coral reef ecosystem. This movie was released in January 2013. You can see the result 15 months after coral transplantation. | Authors' conclusion: Quantitative outcomes:2000 corals transplanted, 27 coral species, 69 fish species | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Transplantation of coral fragments from ship groundings on electrochemically formed reef structures | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Disturbance addressed: Ship Grounding | Genera: Acropora, Stylophora, Porites, Echinopora, Goniopora, Pocillopora, Hydnophora, Millepora | Method: Coral fragments transplanted onto steel mesh which is electrified to encourage the electrochemical deposition of calcium. Tent-like/pyramid shaped structures were tested as trays for coral fragment nurseries. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 93.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Applying electricity enhances restoration success by providing a nature-like substrate, using coral nubbins speeds up recolonisation | Lessons reported: Mount nurseries on poles to avoid Drupella infestations, All Pocilloporid nubbins died | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Successful transplantation of a fragmenting coral, Montipora digitata, for reef rehabilitation | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Montipora | Method: Fragments were transplanted to two different locations. The treatments were: Low-Horizontal, Low-Vertical, High-Horizontal, and High-Vertical. Each treatment was replicated on each of three bommies in a site, yielding three replicates per treatment. Forty transplants were used for each density × surface combination. Survival and growth were monitored bimonthly. | Post-restoration monitoring: 21 months | Authors' conclusion: Growth and survival were significantly better at the site that resembled the natural habitat of the donor corals more closely. Environmental conditions at this site also favored the establishment of a greater diversity of species around the coral transplants. There was no difference in performance between transplants on vertical and horizontal surfaces, and the transplants showed limited differences due to density within the experimental range. Water motion showed significant effects on survival and growth. | Lessons reported: Effects of physical environmental variables. The presence of M. digitata at a previously denuded site enhanced structural complexity, and, as a result, overall diversity of benthic organisms. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Transforming and degraded reef: The Aquabar Snorkel Trail | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: These corals and other invertebrates were collected from non-reefal habitats, areas undergoing sand extraction, reef flat communities that were exposed at low tide and 2 lagoonal patch reefs. Dead coral rubble was collected and coalesced into a base for the trail. | Post-restoration monitoring: 1 months | Authors' conclusion: The new snorkel trail was created solely using corals that were rescued and would otherwise die. Many of the corals were infested with coral predators, and these were removed, saving the corals from inevitable death. In addition to the snorkel trail, we created the largest rope nursery in the Maldives which contains more coral fragments than any other nurseries we have established around Dhigu to date. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Poor performance of corals transplanted onto substrates of short durability | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora, Isopora | Method: Three plots of each 100m² were subdivided into 100 squares of 1m² that were covered with bamboo strips, connected with nails (suitable for sea water) to frame squares. Fragments (5-10 cm) were glued to cement base (1:4 cement and sand mix), that was attached to bamboo frame using cable ties. Coral fragments were transplanted onto half the frames, alternated in chessboard pattern with frame onto which hollow concrete block (60cm high) was constructed. These structures were part of a parallel stu… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 29.8% | Authors' conclusion: Very high mortality of transplants by the end of the study in three of 4 species (67-95%), that was partially linked to substrate disintegration. Highest survival for Isopora species (>80%), followed by Acropora species and lowest survival of Pocillopora species (<20%). Apart from one frame, all frames were damaged after the end of the experiment after ~400 days. Particularly in areas with stronger currents or waves, higher effort has to be invested in more durable attachments than bamboo. | Lessons reported: Bamboo cannot be recommended as a good general low-tech substrate method and it would be better to invest in more durable materials that provide better attachment, considering the high effort that is put into coral transplantation. Post- monitoring should last for several years to decades to monitor long-term success of substrate used. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Pilot study of fragments on sand. Large fragments were placed on sand in various configurations to test the feasibility of transplanting corals on sand in two depths (shallow and deep). | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 47.4667% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: All but three fragments died in shallow sites, while survival was higher in deeper sites. In particular, fragments with multiple branches survived at a higher arte (100%) than single branches (40%). The double brache also grew faster than single branches | Lessons reported: Coral gardening can be achieved by creating rubble nursery sites, and transplanting fused coral fragments onto reefs. Fragments should be diverse to encourage resilience to disease etc. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Large-scale coral reef restoration could assist natural recovery in Seychelles, Indian Ocean | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora | Method: The authors quantified how coral transplantation influenced natural coral recruitment at a large-scale coral reef restoration site. A total of 24,431 nursery-grown coral colonies from 10 different coral species were transplanted in 5,225 m2 (0.52 ha) of degraded reef at the no-take marine reserve. Settlement tiles were deployed to measure recruitment. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Six months after tile deployment, total spat density at the transplanted site was 1.8 times higher than at a healthy control site and 1.6 times higher than at a degraded site. Two years after first transplantation, the total recruit density was highest at healthy site, intermediate at transplanted site, and lowest at degraded site. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Assessment of juvenile coral populations at two reef restoration sites in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: Indicators of success? | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Ship grounding | Genera: Porites, Diploria, Favia, Siderastrea, Agaricia, Millepora, Pseudopterogorgia, Montastrea | Method: Three years after restoration of 2 ship grounding sites, coral and benthic (which were at most 3 yrs old) were mapped and identified. The two sites, characterised by different materials, were compared. | Authors' conclusion: Coral assemblages differ markedly in density, size distribution, and diversity between the two sites. Within the Maitland site, coral recruitment is positively associated with rough lime rocks embedded in the concrete restoration structure, but the coral assemblage is dominated by a single species, Porites astreoides. At the Elpis site, the juvenile coral assemblage has four taxa and juvenile coral density 50% greater than Maitland. This is probably due to differences in the benthic algal assemblages at the two sites, resulting from differing structure designs (e.g., differing material, surfa… | Lessons reported: Horizontal surfaces are likely to enhance sediment trapping by filamentous algae. Surface roughness is likely to be correlated with a more diverse coral assemblage. Surfaces that promote the growth of CCA are also likely to attract a more diverse coral community. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Assessing an abridged nursery phase for slow growing corals used in coral restoration. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Echinopora, Merulina | Method: Testing the benefits of a nursery phase in coral gardening, compared to direct transplantation, for slow-growing coral species. Fragments were either collected and directly transplanted onto dead coral bommies, or housed in table-nurseries in situ for 1 year, and then out planted | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 8.33333% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Most corals died following a bleaching event, however data prior to bleaching suggest patterns of higher growth rates, higher survivorship as well as improved attachment rate of corals in the nursery when compared to directly transplanted counterparts of the first experiment (wild out planted vs fragments in nurseries). E. lamellosa is sensitive to transplantation and benefits form a nursery phase. Both species had significantly higher rates of self-attachment and growth in nurseries compared to out planted individuals. However, the second experiment suggests that these differences are not ma… | Lessons reported: Costs associated with nurseries are not necessarily linked to the time corals spend in the nursery, so slow-growing corals may be best spending longer time in the nursery, rather than trying to shorten the time to save money. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Growing corals in line and floating nurseries at Tayrona Park. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Experiment testing growth and survival of fragments in line and floating nurseries. Opportunistic study of bleaching survival on nurseries vs reef corals. | Post-restoration monitoring: 18 months | Authors' conclusion: No significant differences between nurseries survivorship and growth in the first 7 months. Higher survival of coral fragments on nurseries (95%) compared to natural reef population (10-90%) during bleaching event | Lessons reported: n/a | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Community-based coral reef rehabilitation in a changing climate: lessons learned from hurricanes, extreme rainfall, and changing land use impacts. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Corals were farmed on frames (180 × 150 cm wire panels with 15 × 15 cm sq. holes). Each farm was subdivided in 6 replicate units per site, one per each genetic clone, at approximately 5 m depth. A total of 80 replicate fragments per clone, per site, were grown during a year in 2011-2012 on the frames. A second experiment, conducted a year later, used larger fragments (32-37cm). | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 73% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival rate in “A frame” units improved from 73% during 2011-2012 to 81% during 2012-2013. Coral survival rate improved to 97% in horizontal line nurseries (HLN) incorporated during 2012-2013. Percent tissue cover ranged from 86% to 91% in “A frames”, but reached 98% in HLN. Mean coral skeletal extension was 27 cm/y in “A frames” and 40 cm/y in HLN. These growth rates were up to 545% to 857% faster than previous reports from coral farms from other parts of the Caribbean, and up to 438% faster than wild colonies. Coral mortality was attributed to hurricane physical impacts and sediment-laden… | Lessons reported: Achieving successful local management of reefs and adjacent lands is vital to maintain the sustained net production in coral farms and of reef structure, and the provision of the important ecosystem services that they provide. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Testing survival and growth depending on different level of contact with the sand: 1) placed on sand,2) fragment supported but in contact with sand, 3) fragment not in contact with sand | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 60.4667% | Post-restoration monitoring: 3 months | Authors' conclusion: All fragments scattered on sand died, while those suspended above the substrate showed higher survival compared to those in contact with the sand for A cervicornis. This difference was not evident in A. prolifera. More than half of coral fragments on wire frames had attached to the frame after 3 months. | Lessons reported: Fragments are more resilient to storms if attached above the substrate, and less prone to smothering. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Corals mass-cultured from eggs and transplanted as juveniles to their native, remote coral reef | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Eggs were obtained from captive of A. tenuis spawning and the resulting larvae and juvenile corals were cultured under laboratory conditions. A total of 564 substrates with ~63,000 juvenile corals at the age of 10 mo were transported to the native reef. They were transplanted in 3 experimental treatments, in order to evaluate effectiveness of protection by cages, hiding the juveniles under other substrates, and the effects of orientation on coral growth. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 59% | Post-restoration monitoring: 22 months | Authors' conclusion: The cages protected the corals from predation by fishes. The unshaded, upward facing corals in the cages steadily increased their coverage nearly 4-fold in ~2 yr. In the other treatments colonies persisted, but failed to increase in cover. | Lessons reported: The large and complicated structure of the substrates used in the present experiment resulted in too many juveniles on one substrate; only a few larger colonies are needed per substrate for transplantation | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral transplantation program in the Paraiso coral reef, Cozumel Island, Mexico | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Construction | Genera: Not reported | Method: Benthic fauna (mobile and sessile) was removed from the area of a proposed building site and relocated between 100 and 600 m away. Artificial substrata were used to transplant sessile organisms. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 97% | Post-restoration monitoring: 1 months | Authors' conclusion: 23,796 individual organisms, including 161 species belonging to 17 groups, were moved from a proposed building site to a location between 100 and 600m away, which was enhanced with artificial substrata. High survival rate (97%) overall in the first month indicates a successful rescue of organisms. | Lessons reported: Artificial reef structures combined with transplantation efforts enhanced survival | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Community Reef Restoration Efforts | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Method: Farming coral nubbins in nurseries (Tables and rope) , cable tie fragments to cement disc, cable tie disc to tables. splicing rope and threading corals between | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 81% | Authors' conclusion: Since 2006, over 14,000 corals consisting of more than 25 species have been propagated and transplanted back to the reef in village MPAs and village youth have received basic training in cost-effective coral propagation techniques, reef ecology and fauna, and integrating this work into guiding snorkeling tours | Lessons reported: methods easy to learn by local communities, diversity of species is important, improving passive mgmt actions helps, strong governance is key, economic incentives help garner and maintain community support. Possible to incorporate eco-tourism | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Transplanting a coral reef: A Singapore community project | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Land reclamation | Genera: n/a | Method: Description of relocation of corals in an area to be damaged by land reclamation, involving volunteers. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 69% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Colonies only survived if they were firmly wedged in crevices. One site was downstream of the construction site, and despite general survival of sediment-tolerant corals, sedimentation prevented further settlement. | Lessons reported: Successful involvement of volunteers | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Can a small artificial reef reduce diving pressure from a natural coral reef? | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: Acropora, Stylophora, Pocillopora, Dendronephthya and others | Method: Deploying artificial reef in area with extremely high densities of scuba diving tourists. Six large (4 x 4 x 4m) concrete units were deployed on sandy bottom, and left for 5 months, before coral transplants were attached in pre drilled holes. Diving groups were followed before and after deployment, immediately following coral transplantation and two years post deployment, and time spent on the artificial reef was compared to time spent inside the adjacent marine park, and a nearby coral outcrop… | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: The deployment of the artificial reefs did not change the visitation rates inside the marine reserve or adjacent coral bommie, either for certified or uncertified divers in training. However, the duration of dives inside the MPA were reduced for instructor-lead dives. | Lessons reported: An artificial reef in close proximity to an otherwise attractive dive site (e.g MPA) must be sufficiently large and attractive to encourage instructors/guides/divers to divert their time to it. However, an attractive artificial reef further away from the MPA may completely divert divers away from the MPA. The authors further suggest that the location of artificial dive sites should be discussed w… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Prevalence, consequences, and mitigation of fireworm predation on endangered staghorn coral | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Comparison of wild and transplanted populations of A. cervicornis to assess predation by fireworms, growth and the cost of predation. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Predation by the fireworm Hermodice carunculata was variable on both wild (0 to 51%) and restocked (0 to 53%) populations. The risk of preyed branches showing progressive tissue loss at the subsequent survey was 10 times higher than for non-preyed branches. Mean healing time for preyed branch tips was 110 ± 6 d. Removing the dead skeleton from preyed branch tips accelerated recovery to 46 d (range: 22 to 92 d). | Lessons reported: Fireworm predation imposes significant costs on both remnant wild and restocked staghorn colonies, but removing dead tips, rather than leaving them to bioerode, is a useful strategy to accelerate recovery from predation. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: A potential method for improving coral self-attachment | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Hydnophora | Method: Tested whether fragments of the scleractinian coral Hydnophora rigida, artificially attached upside-down, would self-attach more rapidly to the substratum than those artificially attached the right way up, which is the normal practice. We also tested the effect of three different diets (unfed, normal Artemia, and lipid-enriched Artemia) on coral growth and other biological responses. | Post-restoration monitoring: 3.3 months | Authors' conclusion: After 100 days, corals fixed upside-down grew significantly wider and faster over the substratum than corals fixed the right way up. A significantly higher number of fragments fixed upside-down were also able to self-attach and grow over the substratum (87%) compared with fragments fixed the right way up (58%). Neither the buoyant weight, height increment, symbiont density, chlorophyll, maximum quantum yield nor color of corals fixed upside-down differed significantly from corals fixed the right way up. | Lessons reported: Inverting the orientation of coral fragments may substantially accelerate the time for self-attachment and increase the survival rate of translocated corals in restoration projects. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Reef Arabia Rehabilitation Project | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: yes | Method: Deploying large, prefabricated cement structures to the seafloor to re-create habitat for repopulation by marine community | Authors' conclusion: The fish are coming back in all types and colors. The coral reef is flourishing again. The fishermen are benefiting. And the dive sites are amazing to visit again. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Accelerated regeneration of hard corals: a manual for coral reef users and managers. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Pocillopora, Stylophora, Acropora, massive faviids | Method: Fragments were taken from nearby healthy reefs, and placed on rubble or attached to dead branches with cable ties. | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Low survival for fragments <25 cm, but high survival for fragments >30cm. No difference in survival for randomly scattered fragments compared to carefully placed ones and those attached to the substrate. | Lessons reported: Fragments with 3D structure show higher survival because parts of the fragment is raised above the substratum. Survival of fragments exposed to air for <60 minutes, not significantly different from those transported in water. In calm, areas no need to attach fragments, however any water movement is likely to dislodge un attached fragments. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Bomb-cratered coral reefs in Puerto Rico, the untold story about a novel habitat: from reef destruction to community-based ecological rehabilitation | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: Military bombing | Genera: Acropora | Method: Comparison of benthic communities on 35-50 year-old bomb-cratered coral reefs with adjacent non-impacted sites; 2) coral recruit density and fish community structure within and outside craters; and 3) early effects of a rehabilitation effort using low-tech coral farming. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 83.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Outplanted colonies showed outstanding survival and growth rates and contributed to coral cover. | Lessons reported: Low-tech, community based approaches to culture, harvest and transplant A. cervicornis into formerly bombarded grounds proved highly successful in fomenting increasing benthic spatial heterogeneity, while fostering meaningful community-based participation. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restauration d'une zone corallienne dégradée et implantation d'un jardin corallien à Bora Bora, Polynésie Française | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Dredging | Genera: Acropora, Porites, Pavona, Montipora, Pocillopora, Fungia, Herpolitha, Cyphastrea, Psammocora | Method: Dredged pits were filled with 10,000m3 of sand, three 20m long groynes were built and the beach was replenished with sand. 125 artificial concrete structures, between 1.6 and 17t each, were deployed on the sandy shallow reef flat to act as breakwaters to protect the coastline. A 7,200 m2 “coral garden” was created by transplanting 311 coral colonies to 11 artificial structures and 200 large branching (Acropora spp.) and massive (Porites spp.) colonies to surrounding sand patches. Monitoring sur… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 90.3636% | Post-restoration monitoring: 32 months | Authors' conclusion: The transplanted corals had a 95% survival rate, on average, except for high mortality of submassive Porites rus from smothering in sand. The coral gardens were further colonised by 53 coral colonies, sea urchins, tridacnid clams and a variety of reef fishes. | Lessons reported: Location effects need to be considered in the future, as the coral garden was affected by anchors and large amounts of sand. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Thermal stress reveals a genotype-specific tradeoff between growth and tissue loss in restored Acropora cervicornis | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Conducted a 21 mo field experiment to examine the influence of genotypic identity and diversity on coral growth, habitat production, and survivorship in restored corals. Used nursery-raised colonies of Acropora cervicornis to establish populations of either 1, 2, 4, or 6 distinct genotypes. A thermal stress event allowed the testing of thermal tolerance in different genotypes. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 60.45% | Post-restoration monitoring: 21 months | Authors' conclusion: After 21 mo there was no effect of genotypic diversity on restored corals, but genotypes differed 3-fold in survivorship and 20 to 327% in habitat production. Initial growth rates showed a significant positive relationship with live tissue loss at the end of the experiment, suggesting a tradeoff between growth and the ability to recover from thermal stress. Our study suggests that genotypic identity is a critical factor to incorporate into coral restoration planning. | Lessons reported: Investigating the role of genotypic identity and diversity on the ability of restored corals to resist pervasive coral reef stressors, such as disease, predator outbreaks, and nutrient pollution, are critical steps in advancing coral restoration efforts. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Growth of transplanted Acropora tenuis 2 years after egg culture | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: A. tenuis (a hermaphroditic coral species) grown from fertilised eggs in cages 2m above seafloor (12-18 months), out planted using pegs and underwater glue. Nursery cages contained trochus shells to control algae. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 89% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Ability to culture A. tenuis from eggs through successful transplantation and growth of juveniles on degraded reefs represents a valuable tool in reef restoration. | Lessons reported: None | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Best practices manual for Caribbean Acropora restoration. Puntacana Ecological Foundation. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: not relevant | Method: Cultivation and out-planting using the 'cookie tray'-method. Flat/massive coral fragments are placed on button-like trays made from cement. Monofilament line is passed through holes in the trays, and used to attach the flat coral fragments to the disc. Cookies are then placed on the supportive ends of the wireframe tables. | Authors' conclusion: A. palmata fragments quickly fused over the cement cookie, and further grow vertically from the disc. | Lessons reported: May require a high degree of maintenance as mesh and cookies are overgrown by algae. Place close to reef where abundant herbivores are present to alleviate this problem. Ensure that the disc is sufficiently large for the chosen coral species. Some corals (eg A. palmata) will not initiate vertical growth until a sufficient base is established. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Tissue regeneration rate of coral transplants in a wave exposed environment, Cape D'Aguilar, Hong Kong. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Favia, Goniastrea, Porites | Method: Investigating how the regeneration of tissue occurs in transplanted corals, and how it is impacted by different sheltering regimes. Colonies collected and transported to ex situ aquaria, and held for one month. A lesion is then inflicted on the coral colony, and recovery is recorded. | Post-restoration monitoring: 4 months | Authors' conclusion: Generation times differed between species, wave exposure and attachment method. Exposed sites with loose attachment methods (ie hook and rope) were the slowest to regenerate. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Use of artificial reef structures to rehabilitate reef flats degraded by coral mining in the Maldives | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Coral mining | Genera: Pocillopora, Acropora, Porites | Method: Concrete reef structures were deployed on a 1-2 m deep reef flat in the Maldives which was mined for coral. Fish and benthic communities were monitored. | Post-restoration monitoring: 15 months | Authors' conclusion: All structures were rapidly colonized by fish; the most structurally complex hosted fish abundance and species richness similar to undisturbed reef sites. However, the fish community structure was still markedly dissimilar to that of undegraded reef-flat sites. Structures were initially colonized by filamentous green algae (7 days), then barnacles (14 days), and subsequently by a diverse invertebrate community (6-8 weeks). First coral recruits were observed 6.5 months after emplacement. | Lessons reported: Higher structural complexity of artificial reefs will attract higher density and diversity of organisms. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Early successional patterns of invertebrates in artificial reefs established at clear and silty areas in Bolinao, Pangasinan, Northern Philippines | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: n/a | Method: Colonization and recruitment of invertebrates were studied in 32 tent-like concrete blocks used as artificial reefs in silty and in clear reef areas in Pangasinan, northern Philippines. Abundance, species richness and composition were compared between differently oriented surfaces on the blocks. | Post-restoration monitoring: 7 months | Authors' conclusion: Around 13 taxa of invertebrates were observed as early recruits on the patch reefs in the Clear site, and 11 taxa for the Silty site. In the Clear site, the total number of taxa of sessile and mobile organisms present on the AR blocks exhibited a generally increasing trend 4 months after deployment. Colonial ascidians were particularly dominant during the first 4 months. Cirripeds and anthozoans were observed only after 7 months. Benthic communities showed a distinct pattern with regards to their position within the blocks (whether inside, outside and/or sides). | Lessons reported: Block orientation and water clarity influence the development of benthic communities on artificial reefs | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: An evaluation of artificial reef structures as tools for marine habitat rehabilitation in the Maldives. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef, Substrate stabilisation | Disturbance addressed: Coral mining | Genera: Pocillopora, Acropora, Porites | Method: 360 t of concrete structures of varying levels of topographic complexity, stabilising effect and cost were deployed on a heavily mined study site close to the capital island, Male´. | Post-restoration monitoring: 42 months | Authors' conclusion: Within 1 year of deployment, the artificial reef structures had similar or greater species richness and densities of reef fish than did control pristine reef flats. Substantial coral recruitment had occurred on the larger reef structures which were each supporting ca. 500 colonies, some of which were approaching 25 cm in diameter after 3.5 years. | Lessons reported: Concrete artificial reef structures can satisfy the critical biological requirements (i.e. provide substrate for the settlement and growth of corals and habitat to restore reef fish populations) associated with reef rehabilitation. However, artificial reef structures are costly, time consuming and unlikely to simulate natural reefs for decades. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Fitzroy island | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Fragments are grown in tree nurseries and planted back onto the reef | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 91% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Acropora | Method: Nursery grown corals using the Coral Tree Nursery (TM) Method. | Post-restoration monitoring: 9 months | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Demographics and dynamics of two restored populations of the threatened reef-building coral Acropora cervicornis. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Nursery-reared fragments of A. cervicornis were transplanted to two reefs in Puerto Rico as part of a reef rehabilitation program, and their survival, growth, and branch production were measured for a year. The effect of the restoration on the dynamics and viability of the fragment populations was tested with a model. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 63.525% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival of outplanted fragments was > 60%, with no difference between fragment size. Large fragments (≥25 cm) grew faster and tended to produce more branches than smaller ones. Model simulations indicate that in the absence of recruitment and intervention, restored populations will decrease below a quasi-extinction level of 25% of the initial population size after 3 years. Transplanting at least 20 colony fragments per year (12%of initial population) is sufficient to keep the restored populations above the threshold. | Lessons reported: Minimum maintenance of restoration efforts to avoid extinction was simulated. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Low-Tech Rehabilitation of Degraded Coral Reefs through Transplantation of Staghorn Corals | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Staghorn corals were transplanted to investigate the effects of the following three factors: i) Attachment: Unattached corals were compared to corals tied together on strings. ii) Density: Corals were placed either densely with a cover of 30-40% or sparsely with a cover of 10-15%. iii) Site: The corals were transplanted to two sites (E and P) with different substrate and exposure to waves. The corals were transplanted to 32 plots in a fully orthogonal design, with 8 combinations of levels (two … | Post-restoration monitoring: 23 months | Authors' conclusion: After 23 months, the cover of the transplanted corals had increased by 51%, and other benthic species recruited. Coral cover increased more in the sparse treatment (per unit of transplanted coral), probably due to the lesser degree of competition between adjacent colonies | Lessons reported: The method of tying corals together with strings before placement on the seabed was effective and could be applied for rehabilitation of degraded coral reefs that are moderately exposed to water movements. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Manta Ray Bay | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: Natural Disturbance, cyclone | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora, Hydnophora, Goniopora, Porites, Pavona | Method: Fragments are grown in rope and table nurseries and planted back onto the reef | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 87% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Closing the circle: is it feasible to rehabilitate reefs with sexually propagated corals? | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Acropora millepora larvae were induced to settle on pre-conditioned coral plug-ins, reared in the lab, and transplanted onto the reef. Corals were transplanted onto the reef in three batches: 7, 14 and 19 months after settlement. Survival and growth were monitored for 2 years after the first outplanting, more or less monthly. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 22.2333% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival rates were higher in corals that were transplanted onto the reef at larger sizes. An intermediate ocean nursery stage is critical in the sexual propagation of corals for reef rehabilitation. 3 years post-settlement, colonies were reproductively mature, making this one of few published studies to date to rear a broadcasting scleractinian from eggs to spawning adults. | Lessons reported: Producing a single 2.5- year-old coral on the reef cost at least US$60, which would constrain delivery of new corals to relatively small scales in many countries with coral reefs. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Low-tech coral reef restoration methods modeled after natural fragmentation processes. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Factorial design testing growth and mortality of different coral fragment sizes. Apical tips of branches of three size classes used | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Smaller fragments have higher mortality | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: in: Johnson et al 2011, Caribbean Acropora restoration guide: best practices for propagation and population enhancement CASE STUDY 4 | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: Ship Grounding | Genera: Acropora | Method: PVC structures on substrate | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 85% | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: Successful outplanting of 3600 corals | Lessons reported: Space colonies further apart (>2m) to avoid predation by snails and fireworms. Choose a site near natural algae predators (ie Diadema and Echinometra). Build modular, rather than bigger, to reduce size and weight of structures, and growing fragments. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Measuring success for Caribbean acroporid restoration: key results from ten years of work in southern Belize. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Coral fragments were out planted with a mix of genotypes and species at each location. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 94% | Post-restoration monitoring: 114 months | Authors' conclusion: Individual tracking of survival on a small subset revealed high survival. A. palmata transplanted from one reef to another showed 89% survival, while nursery grown A. palmata showed 99% survival. Photo tracking of the much larger number of transplanted corals revealed increases in coral cover ranging from 4.7 -23.4% over a single year. All three species spawned a year after outplanting. | Lessons reported: The outplant sites are located in a national park, where guides accompany each diver/snorkeler. These guides are trained in the removal of coral predators, and may therefore have helped the transplants survive unusually high proportions. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restoration using Acropora cervicornis at the T/V MARGARA grounding site | Technique: Substrate Stabilisation | Disturbance addressed: Ship grounding | Genera: Acropora | Method: Rubble was stabilised and loose colonies reattached. | Post-restoration monitoring: 108 months | Authors' conclusion: At the restoration site, transplanted corals have survived, grown and spread to surrounding areas. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Hope for coral reef rehabilitation: massive synchronous spawning by outplanted corals in Okinawa, Japan | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Nursery-reared corals outplanted on the periphery of existing colonies | Authors' conclusion: Large-scale synchronous spawning of outplanted corals. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Le Meridien Koh Samui Shoreline Enhancement Project | Technique: substrate addition - artificial reef, coral gardening - transplantation | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Transplant corals onto metal frames and pieces of reef rubble, algae removal undertaken | Authors' conclusion: Quantitative outcomes: 400 corals transplanted, 3 coral species, 36 fish species | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral Nursery | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Acropora | Method: The coral nurseries are rows of “trees” (PVC trunks with fiberglass rods running through the trunk) that are tethered to the bottom with sand anchors and buoyed with floats that sit just below the surface. | Post-restoration monitoring: 9 months | Lessons reported: The Coral Tree nursery, has proved to be an efficient and effective way to grow second and third generations of corals, through fragmentation. In this way, the Coral Tree nurseries become a self-sustaining to grow corals. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.