Ecosystem Assets

Published as: Growth and Survivorship of Juvenile Corals Outplanted to Degraded Reef Areas in Bolinao-Anda Reef Complex, Philippines. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Wild colonies collected and placed in ex situ flow through aquaria, until spawning. Spawn collected and allowed to fertilise in buckets. Embryos were then transferred to tanks, and maintained for 7 days until settlement competency peaked. Larvae were encouraged to settle on dead rubble inserted into plastic wall plugs, and allowed to develop for ~2.5 weeks. At this stage, Trochus shells were introduced to control algal growth. Coral juveniles were then reared in tanks for 6 months, until they w… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 67.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: 1% success of settlement on rubble (i.e 221/2120 rubbles had at least one live coral juvenile after 6 months into the hatchery. After outplanting 67% survived, with a 10.7% detachment rate of fragments. Fragments increased in size 37 fold. Ecological monitoring was not undertaken post-transplantation. | Lessons reported: The rubble fragments that detached from masonry plugs could have been secured using cyanoacrylate glue | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral Reef Conservation and Coastal Zone Management Program | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Developed reef balls in collaboration with cement company onto which corals were transplanted. 258 reef balls | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: WRCT estimates that establishing a sustainable coral reef will take at least 5 years. | Lessons reported: The coral reef restoration program brought up new scientific knowledge regarding artificial coral transplanting methods. This project revealed that freshwater dilution can cause mass coral mortalities if the flood water is not managed properly. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Antigua Maiden Island Reef Restoration | Technique: Coral gardening - transplantation, substrate addition - artificial reefs | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Deploy 1000+ modular reef balls, transplant corals of opportunity, stabilise loose live coral rock by attaching it to the reef balls. | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: The combination of all the latest successfully proven marine restoration techniques in this project has created a complete ecosystem. Volunteer teams documented 73 fish species, 71 invertebrates spp., 30 corals spp. and 26 algal spp. (plus a turtle) now on the reef. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Rehabilitation of Damaged Reefs: Outcome of the Use of Recently Broken Coral Fragments and Healed Coral Fragments of Pocilloporid Corals on Rocky Boulders. | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: Direct transplantation of corals of opportunity onto boulders | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 65.595% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival, growth and attachment of corals, in challenging environmental conditions (high sedimentation and algae cover). Recently broken fragments attached and grew faster much faster than fragments which had already healed. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral relocation: A mitigation tool for dredging works in Jamaica | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Dredging | Genera: Agaricia, Porites, Siderastrea, Acropora, Madracis, Eusmilia, Diploria, Meandrina, Stephanocoenia, Montastrea | Method: Large-scale translocation project to preserve benthic communities during the development of the Falmouth Cruise Ship Terminal in Trelawny, Jamaica. 147,947 organisms (8,975 soft coral; 137,789 hard coral; and 1,183 sponges) were successfully relocated, as well as 2,807 sea urchins, numerous sea cucumbers, hermit crabs, conchs, sea stars and lobsters. Time series photographs of sample colonies were taken. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 86% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: 86% of the colonies relocated in 2009 were accounted for in 2011. Partial colony mortality and the occurrence of disease increased with each sampling event (from 38% to 43%). By 2011, cases of total colony mortality accounted for 4% of the monitored colonies. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Threatened coral recovery and restoration in Florida and the U.S. Virgin Islands | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Short‐term goals included growing at least 12,000 colonies in nursery and outplanting at least 5,000 of those nursery‐grown colonies to 34 degraded reef sites. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 95% | Post-restoration monitoring: 3 months | Authors' conclusion: Successful nursery and outplanting program | Lessons reported: It is imperative to spread risk as much as possible at every scale. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: A basic experiment of coral culture using sexual reproduction in the open sea. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Bleaching | Genera: n/a | Method: Settlement tiles were placed on a site with high natural recruitment, and recruitment analysed. Three types of settlement tiles were tested, 1) regular pottery stone tiles, arranged in towers 2) circular pottery's stone rods, pitted with 4 mm diameter holes, 3) square limestone pillars, pitted with 4 mm diameter holes. The towers, rods and pillars were arranged in a stainless steel frame (42cm x 45 cm x 40 cm). The plates were deployed on a shallow site, and remained there over the coral spawni… | Post-restoration monitoring: 3 months | Authors' conclusion: The number of settlers on the square stick was 4 times higher than on the cylindrical stick. MOst settlers on plates were on the underside | Lessons reported: Holes on settlement sticks may have been too shallow to protect corals from predation | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The effect of coral restoration on Caribbean reef fish communities | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Surveys of fish, environmental conditions, benthic seafloor characteristics, and rugosity were conducted on outplanted plots and control plots without outplants. | Post-restoration monitoring: 7 months | Authors' conclusion: Outplanting A. cervicornis increased rugosity as well as the benthic coral cover. Outplanting was a main predictor of increased fish densities and diversity in this study, with fish responding quickly to the added rugosity and increase in A. cervicornis benthic cover. | Lessons reported: These results demonstrate the early stages of fish colonization after outplanting A. cervicornis, providing insight into how restoration can cause rapid change in fish abundance, richness, and community composition. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Measuring success for Caribbean acroporid restoration: key results from ten years of work in southern Belize. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Coral fragments were out planted with a mix of genotypes and species at each location. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 94% | Post-restoration monitoring: 114 months | Authors' conclusion: Individual tracking of survival on a small subset revealed high survival. A. palmata transplanted from one reef to another showed 89% survival, while nursery grown A. palmata showed 99% survival. Photo tracking of the much larger number of transplanted corals revealed increases in coral cover ranging from 4.7 -23.4% over a single year. All three species spawned a year after outplanting. | Lessons reported: The outplant sites are located in a national park, where guides accompany each diver/snorkeler. These guides are trained in the removal of coral predators, and may therefore have helped the transplants survive unusually high proportions. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Different size classes of fragments were collected and attached to monofilament line, draped over rubble. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 87.5556% | Post-restoration monitoring: 3 months | Authors' conclusion: Larger and medium fragments of A cervicornis had significantly higher survival than smaller size classes. There was no effect of size in A. prolifera. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: In Situ Coral Nurseries Serve as Genetic Repositories for Coral Reef Restoration after an Extreme Cold‐Water Event. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Experiment testing whether wild and nursery bred coral colonies have a different tolerance for cold water exposure. Line or block nurseries. | Post-restoration monitoring: 1 months | Authors' conclusion: Higher survival of coral fragments on nurseries due to less exposure to cold. Nurseries may serve as genetic repositories for wild populations. | Lessons reported: Strategic deployment of nurseries in areas with lower risk may safeguard genetic material and diversity | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restoration of a degraded coral reef using a natural remediation process: a case study from a Central Mexican Pacific National Park | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Pocillopora | Method: A total of 189 coral fragments of three different species were hand collected, inspected to ensure they were in good condition, and re-attached within the same area of collection using the plastic cable tie method on both artificial and natural substrates. Stable coral rubble was used as natural substrata for four study sites. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 75% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: High survivorship of 87% occurred on artificial underwater structures and 67% on natural substrate, the height and radial growth, on both substrata increase 2-fold from the initial size. | Lessons reported: Although both substrata were viable, coral fragments attach faster on natural (4 months) than artificial structures (6 months). | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: New Seeding Approach Reduces Costs and Time to Outplant Sexually Propagated Corals for Reef Restoration. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Favia | Method: Testing the effectiveness of two types of cement tetrapods seeded with coral propagules. The tetrapods were incubated for 6 months in flow-through aquaria, and placed in containers with planula from aquarium reared coral colonies. The tetrapods, with coral settlers, were transferred to holding tanks for three weeks, after which they were transplanted at the restoration sites. Restoration sites were of low, medium or high structural complexity. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 56% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Tetrapods moved very little and a majority became attached to the substrate, with no differences between the two designs. An average of 9.6 % of settlers survived on the two designs, and there was no difference in the growth rate on either design. 56% of tetrapods sustained a >1 coral polyp after one year, and this proportion is higher in medium and high complexity reefs. | Lessons reported: Seeding in areas with low complexity may not be successful, as tetrapods may move and cause abrasion to to settlers. Concrete is ideal for algae to grow on, so the authors suggest trying a non-porous material like glass or glaze ceramics to limit algal growth | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The use of larvae or recruits in coral restoration initiatives: Symbiodinium acquisition does not differ between coral life stages in the wild | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Laboratory-reared coral larvae and recruits have been proposed for stock production but it is unknown if their use impacts subsequent symbiosis once transplanted to the reef. We exposed laboratory and field settled aposymbiotic recruits (recently settled <1 month) to Symbiodinium in the wild, then analyzed the acquired communities using ITS-2 sequencing. | Post-restoration monitoring: 1 months | Authors' conclusion: There was no significant difference between treatments based on overall community and diversity metrics, or differential abundance of individual taxa. | Lessons reported: Early acquisition is analogous and thus supports the use of either life-stage as an option for reef restoration. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral translocation and farming as mitigation and conservation measures for coastal development in the Red Sea: Aqaba case study, Jordan. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Construction | Genera: Platygyra, Favia, Favites, Hydnophora, Montipora, Porites, Acropora, Pocillopora, Stylophora, Nephthya, Turbinaria, Millepora, Astreopora, Galaxea, Lobophyllia, Tubastrea, Leptoria, Goniastrea, Monta… | Method: 7000 coral colonies threatened by port development were moved and transplanted into degraded reef sites in Aqaba Marine Park. Survival and growth rates were monitored biannually for 2 years and compared to growth rates at a control site. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 87.3% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: The overall survival rate for the transplanted colonies was similar to colonies of the same species at the control site. Three species demonstrated more than 1 cm of linear growth per year. The overall survival rate of nubbins in a nearby nursery was 88 %, and the annual linear growth rate ranged from 0.32 cm to 0.99 cm. High survival and linear growth rates indicate that the transplantation site selection and the techniques employed were successful. | Lessons reported: Choosing a receptor site similar to the donor site, transporting the colonies underwater, taking care to minimize physical contact with the coral tissue during all transplantation processes, and only choosing healthy colonies for translocation led to a successful translocation and transplantation project. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The recovery process in a mechanically damaged coral reef community: recruitment and growth | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: Ship grounding | Genera: Pseudopterogorgia, Millepora, Favia, Briareum, Agaricia | Method: Horizontal, grooved quarry tiles were grouped into 8 "recruitment stations" along a line ranging from no impact to maximum impact. Four tiles per station were secured on posts embedded into the reef, approx. 5cm from the substratum. Tiles were collected at 6 month intervals and checked for recruits. | Post-restoration monitoring: 27 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral recruit density was negatively correlated with the severity of the impact; lowest recruitment was measured in the zone of maximal impact. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Microfragmenting for the successful restoration of slow growing massive corals | Technique: Coral Gardening - Microfragmentation | Genera: Orbicella, Montastrea | Method: Arrays of eight microfragments were planted near one larger fragment of similar size at each location. Six replicate pairs were haphazardly placed within each ∼700m2 study site. Fragments at both sites were monitored for growth and survival over 31 months | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 59.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 31 months | Authors' conclusion: Initial growth, when standardized to initial surface area, in nearshore outplants was significantly higher for both species of microfragment arrays compared to larger fragments.there was no different between fragment types in the long term, despite average change in surface area showing that microfragment arrays produced nearly 6.5 times more tissue for O. faveolata and nearly 2 times more tissue for M. cavernosa. This lack of significance was due primarily to high variability between arrays of each species and lack of experimental power. Predation was a significant problem. | Lessons reported: If predation events are reduced, massive corals can be successfully grown and outplanted for restoration purposes. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Preservation of rare coral species by transplantation and examination of their recruitment and growth | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Pavona, Montipora, Leptoseris | Method: Three rare coral species were transplanted from a degraded harbor into areas unaffected by pollution. Each new habitat had three sites located at three depths (1.5 m, 4m, and 10m). Three transplant methods were used, fully grown coral heads of different sizes, broken shards, or branches scattered in large numbers, and coral nubbins attached to terracotta bricks. Growth and survival were recorded over a 12 month period. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 32.2411% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival rates were highly variable. The deepest sites had the least mortality for both habitats. Survival at the shallowest sites, which had the greatest mortality, was affected by wave action and light intensity. | Lessons reported: Transplanting heads, regardless of size, was a better method than transplanting nubbins or shards. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Initial survival of coral nubbins transplanted by a new coral transplantation technology - Options for reef rehabilitation. | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Genera: Stylophora, Pocillopora, Acropora, Montipora, Pavona | Method: A folded steel (chicken wire) cathode was connected to a DC power supply, and an anode of titanium mesh, placed 20 cm above each square. The magnesium and calcium minerals precipitate on the cathode by electrochemical deposition, and can form a calcium carbonate layer of 5-10mm thickness within 2 months. Coral fragments are inserted into the mesh (cathode) | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 67.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: After 8 weeks, fragments were cemented to the mesh. After 12 months, a large proportion were still alive, and had continued to grow. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Can Coral Cover be Restored in the Absence of Natural Recruitment and Reef Recovery? | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Porites | Method: Testing whether P. cylindrica will survive in heavily degraded area where it is locally extinct. Survival growth compared between sites/ attachment orientation/attachment densities. Fragments attached in depressions created on bommies in sandy area. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 90.25% | Post-restoration monitoring: 20 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival and growth of translocated colonies at both locations (sedimentation rates and depths differed) | Lessons reported: Fragments survive and grow better when transplanted to locations that are similar to their original habitats. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral degradation and ability of rehabilitation of coral reefs in Co To Archipelago, Quang Ninh province, Vietnam. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Destructive fishing | Genera: n/a | Method: Fragments from donor colonies ('coral seed'?) out planted onto ReefBalls and existing hard substrate (dead coral) | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 88.3% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival of fragments on reef balls, but low survival on hard substrate. | Lessons reported: The authors conclude that the method of attachment on stakes was insufficient to stop fragments from becoming dislodged. New fragments attracted Drupella, which caused increased mortality. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Strategies for Gardening Denuded Coral Reef Areas: The Applicability of Using Different Types of Coral Material for Reef Restoration. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Stylophora | Method: Attachment procedures experiment: growth of fragments compared between treatments (fragments individually held by plastic clips, or in plastic trays) | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 54% | Post-restoration monitoring: 6 months | Authors' conclusion: Higher survival (83%) in plastic crate compared to individual plastic clips on cement tiles (25%). | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The role of differential survival patterns in shaping coral communities on neighboring artificial and natural reefs | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Dendronephthya, Pocillopora | Method: Miniature coral colonies were transplanted onto a 19-year-old artificial reef and its adjacent natural reef to test the hypothesis that differences in benthic communities between the two reefs are derived from different survival processes. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 57.05% | Post-restoration monitoring: 1 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival of of soft coral Dendronephthya hemprichi on the artificial reef, was nearly double that of those transplanted onto the natural reef. Survival of nubbins of the stony coral Pocillopora damicornis on the AR was over three-fold greater than on the NR. | Lessons reported: Sediment and current velocity were the major drivers | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Fish assemblage on natural versus vertical artificial reefs: the rehabilitation perspective. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: n/a | Method: The fish assemblage (abundance, species richness, species composition) established around the oil jetties of Eilat (northern Red Sea, Israel) was compared to those found in three adjacent natural reef habitats: two in a nature reserve (one shallow and one deep) and a third deep site located near the city. | Authors' conclusion: Both species richness and abundance were significantly higher around the vertical structures of the jetty's pillars than at all three natural sites, with the lowest values at the site closest to the city. The higher species richness at the jetties may be explained by (1) the vertical relief and high complexity of the jetty which o€ffers a variety of niches for both shallow and deep coral reef species, and (2) by the reduction in available niches at the natural sites as a result of coral destruction due to anthropogenic activity. | Lessons reported: Vertical structures are more attractive to fish settlement and recruitment than moderately sloped bottoms. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: in: Johnson et al 2011, Caribbean Acropora restoration guide: best practices for propagation and population enhancement CASE STUDY 5 | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: Ship Grounding | Genera: Acropora | Method: Line nurseries, outplanting sites stabilised (no detail on methods) | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 95.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: High survival and growth in nurseries, high fragment survival on out planted sites | Lessons reported: A PVC frame around line nurseries prevent collapse as colonies grow (FUCA). Smaller frames (150cm x 300cm) better than larger (300 x 300) to prevent weight and collapse as corals grow. Helix anchor better than duckbill anchor of substrate is rabble rather than sand. Placing nursery near sites with high abundance of fish will help prevent biofouling on lines. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Creating stocks of young colonies from brooding coral larvae, amenable to active reef restoration | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Stylophora | Method: Testing the performance of a spat-rearing tool for a brooding coral species. Two prototypes of a new settlement apparatus and one original apparatus made of Petri dishes lined with preconditioned transparency (Mailer's paper) disks were stocked with 3730 planulae. Survival and growth were monitored in the lab and in an ex situ nursery. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 90% | Post-restoration monitoring: 5 months | Authors' conclusion: Four months after transplantation, more than 89% of colonies survived and grew to form 3D structures. | Lessons reported: 676 person-hours are required to create 10,000 5-month-old genotypes of equal size to small branch fragments. Allows farming of large quantities of colonies originating from sexually produced planulae, may enhance local populations' genetic variability. Inexpensive and easy to perform in remote places. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Influence of electrical fields on the performance of Acropora coral transplants on two different designs of structures | Technique: Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Genera: Acropora | Method: Examined the impacts of exposure to an electrical field on transplanted Acropora fragments. Two independent experiments assessed fragment survival and linear skeletal extension under varying electrical currents and in direct versus indirect contact to electrically charged substrate. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 82.3333% | Post-restoration monitoring: 9 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival rates of transplants for A. yongei and A. pulchra were significantly lower when exposed to a high amperage, or when transplanted close to the bottom. Maximum skeletal extensions of transplants were observed in elevated controls of A. yongei and for A. pulchra fragments subjected to 1.67 A/m2 While a direct contact with the charged metal had a significant negative effect on growth and survival of A. yongei fragments, A. pulchra demonstrated a general tendency to smaller extension rates when exposed to an electrical current. | Lessons reported: The main advantage of the mineral accretion technique in comparison to other artificial reef structures seems to be the minimal amount of alien material needed for an artificial reef structure as it continues to ‘grow’, constantly improving its weight and stability. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral recruitment and early benthic community development on several materials used in the construction of artificial reefs and breakwaters. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: n/a | Method: Comparison of coral recruitment between different materials commonly used in the construction of breakwaters and artificial reefs (concrete, gabbro, granite, sandstone, and terra-cotta). | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral recruitment was highest at the Dubai Dry Dock breakwater, while recruitment was equally low at other sites. Gabbro had higher recruit densities than concrete and sandstone; sandstone had less coral recruits than terra-cotta. Higher community dissimilarity was observed among sites than among material. Overall, site-specific differences in recruitment patterns are more important in determining early benthic community structure and coral recruitment than differences among substrate material. | Lessons reported: Where coral recruitment is high, gabbro should be used preferentially over concrete or sandstone where it is feasible, but granite may be a suitable alternative where it is the dominant stone. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Strategies for Gardening Denuded Coral Reef Areas: The Applicability of Using Different Types of Coral Material for Reef Restoration. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Stylophora | Method: Planula larvae of S. pistillata were collected and reared in a laboratory for 3 months, then placed in underwater nurseries | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 1 months | Authors' conclusion: 41% of spats survived the nursery phase (3 month), while 5 % survived 1 month after transplanting | Lessons reported: Low survival but high growth of survivors. Relies on using a species which reproduces several months of the year ( ie not a broadcasting species). Expensive because it requires ex situ maintenance of larvae. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Reef restoration using seawater electrolysis in Jamaica | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: Acropora, Porites | Method: Electrodes were connected to corals transplanted onto artificial reef structures. Artificial reefs of varying sizes placed in a variety of locations. | Authors' conclusion: A highly diverse coral reef community established itself on the mineral accretion structures. A large variety of adult and juvenile fish have been permanent or temporary residents. | Lessons reported: The geometry of the structure appears to strongly affect the type of species recruited. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral recruitment and community development: the Broward County artificial reef compared to adjacent hard bottom areas, five years post-deployment | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: UNCLEAR TYPOGRAPHY | Method: Recruitment and subsequent development of coral communities on an artificial reef are compared to adjacent natural hardbottom in Broward County, Florida, USA. Abundance, diversity and size class distribution were monitored over time. | Post-restoration monitoring: 60 months | Authors' conclusion: Scleractinian and octocoral abundance, diversity and average size on the artificial reef was nearly equal to those on the natural nearshore hardbottom five years post-deployment. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Effects of coral transplantation and giant clam restocking on the structure of fish communities on degraded patch reefs | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora, Heliopora, Tubipora, Millepora | Method: Coral fragments (>15 cm) attached to individual cement blocks (20 x 20 x 5cm) and assembled to create patch reef consisting of 100 fragments | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 72% | Post-restoration monitoring: 10 months | Authors' conclusion: 72% of transplanted corals in the coral only treatments survived, however no fragments survived in the coral + clam treatments. Fish species richness and abundance increased significantly on coral patch reefs compared to controls. The authors conclude that restoration efforts can rapidly have positive effects on reef fish communities | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Density dependence drives habitat production and survivorship of Acropora cervicornis used for restoration on a Caribbean coral reef. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Four experimental blocks of six 4m2 plots were established, with each plot separated by ≥5m. Each block contained one replicate of each density treatment, randomly assigned: 3-, 6-, 12-, or 24-colonies, as well as control plots without corals. Three A. cervicornis genotypes were used in equal ratios. Four replicates of each treatment were outplanted in the randomized block design for a total of 228 corals outplanted into twenty-four 4m2 plots. Growth, survival and predation were monitored. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 77.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 13 months | Authors' conclusion: Survivorship of restored corals decreased with increasing density. Outplanting A. cervicornis in moderate densities (3 corals m−2) maximizes growth rates and habitat production while minimizing tissue loss and coral mortality. | Lessons reported: Colony density significantly affects the outcome of transplantation efforts. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Reef-scale trends in Florida Acropora spp. abundance and the effects of population enhancement | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Teams of snorkelers observed the entire reef surface via swimming sequential, parallel linear transects. Acropora spp. were recorded as GPS points. Temporal comparisons were made for two intervals and for sites with and without coral outplants. | Post-restoration monitoring: 120 months | Authors' conclusion: A. palmata showed a cumulative proportional decline of 0.4 _x0015_to 0.7x in colony density, despite very low levels of outplanting at some sites. A. cervicornis showed similar proportional declines at sites without outplanting, but a dramatic increase in density (over 13x) at sites with outplants. Change in A. cervicornis colony density was positively correlated with cumulative numbers of outplants. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Growth and survival of unattached Madracis mirabilis fragments transplanted to different reef sites, and the implication for reef rehabilitation | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: not reported | Genera: Madracis | Method: Transplantation of M. mirabilis fragments was carried out at four different reefs. The first experiment had three different treatments: (1) unfragmented colonies (control for fragmentation), (2) fragments transplanted within the same area (assessment of effect of fragmentation, and control for effect of site), and (3) fragments transplanted from one reef site to other reef sites (assessment of the effect of site). In the second experiment, the effect of two different transplantation methods was… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 37.8889% | Post-restoration monitoring: 4.2 months | Authors' conclusion: Growth and survival of the different transplantations was related to bottom sediment cover and movement of the fragments. Fragmentation had significant detrimental effects on growth and survival of the fragments. | Lessons reported: Unattached fragments are unsuitable for reef restoration projects | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Steps in the construction of underwater coral nursery, an essential component in reef restoration acts. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Stylophora, Pocillopora, Acropora | Method: A in situ hanging coral nuresey was established nera a fish farm, providing nutrient enrichment to the growing corals. Mpther colonies were collcted from artifical port structures and fragmented. Fragments were superglued ontoplastic pins, which were placedwithi a frame. The fraes were plasedon a supsenden mid-water nursery, and maintained for approxiimatey 10 months. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 68.5% | Post-restoration monitoring: 10 months | Authors' conclusion: A large number of corals detached in the first 144 days, but remaining corals grew fast, increasing in height 6-fold, and coulee 5-fold after 306 days. | Lessons reported: Super Glue is insufficient attachment method on plastic pins. Avoid planting corals too close as it excludes grazing herbivores and invertebrates, which my remove macroalgae etc. Drupella was attracted to coral nurseries. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Genet and reef position effects in out-planting of nursery-grown Acropora cervicornis (Scleractinia:Acroporidae) in Montego Bay, Jamaica | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Sixty-five corals were out-planted to reef sites of similar depth and condition to their respective nurseries and monitored photographically for 11 months through 2007 and 2008, to compare for genetic and environmental differences. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 38.8% | Post-restoration monitoring: 11 months | Authors' conclusion: A period of rapid death was seen in the out-planted material at both sites over the first four months, followed by a period of relative stability or recuperation. Returns were noted particularly in the faster-growing genets of the nursery and larger planted corals tended to retain more material at eleven months. | Lessons reported: Propagative restoration programmes should invest in stronger genets and larger corals. Adaptive management and maintenance gardening of the planted material and reef would likely have greatly improved outcomes. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Evaluating methods for transplanting endangered elkhorn corals in the Virgin Islands | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Two experiments were conducted with three treatments: (1) control fragments left unattached at the source sites; (2) fragments attached to the reef at the source sites; and (3) fragments moved to the restoration site and attached. Comparing treatments (1) and (2) isolated the effect of attaching fragments, and comparing (2) with (3) isolated the effect of relocating fragments. Additionally, attachment methods were compared. In experiment 1, two methods were compared: Z-spar epoxy resin and cabl… | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 40% | Post-restoration monitoring: 48 months | Authors' conclusion: Unattached control fragments at the donor site died faster and grew slower than fragments attached to the reef; attaching fragments to the reef is beneficial. There were no effects of moving fragments between donor and restoration sites. Growth and survival were similar using four methods of attaching fragments to the reef. Clearing surrounding algae improved the growth of fragments. After 4 years, transplanted fragments grew to 1,450 cm2 in area. | Lessons reported: Clearing algae from restored areas is beneficial to coral growth. The simplicity of the approach makes it useful for volunteers. Cable ties are cheaper and easier to use in areas of higher reef complexity. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Evaluating the potential of natural reproduction and artificial techniques to increase Acropora cervicornis populations at Discovery Bay, Jamaica. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: 1) Coral fragments placed on plastic A-frames 2) coral fragments tied to cement base, placed on wire mesh sheet 4) monofilament line nurseries | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 20% | Post-restoration monitoring: 15 months | Authors' conclusion: Very limited recruitment at study site. Hurricanes and bleaching affected the experiment. 1) A-frames: Relatively low survival of fragments (4-68%). Fragments with multiple branches grew 54% faster than single branches. 2) Cement discs: Low survival of fragments on the cement discs. 100% mortality of A. prolifera, and 19% in A. cervicornis (after 37 weeks). 3) Line-nursery: 0% survival after a bleaching event early on in the experiment. In a second attempt, 40% mortality was achieved. | Lessons reported: Frames placed on rock or rubble attracted fire worms and algae farming Stegastes damselfish, while frames placed on sand did considerably better. However, placing frames too far away from reefs increased algal growth due to a lack of grazing by herbivores. Solution: use larger mesh which does not encourage algae farming, placed at distance where fireworms do not colonies, but grazing herbivores s… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Development of Restoration Technology for Coral Reefs Using “Marine Block™.” JFE Technical Report. | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Genera: Acropora | Method: Development of a substrate suitable for attachment of coral transplants (Marine Block), as well as the development of a coral settlement device. The marine block was made of slag, a byproduct of the steel industry, which is primarily made of CaCO3, facilitating recruit settlement and the attachment of coral fragments. The settlements devices were used to capture coral larvae for outgrowing in nurseries, and later transplanted onto Marine Blocks after 1 year. | Post-restoration monitoring: 72 months | Authors' conclusion: Marine rock receives 2 times more settlers than a concrete block. Transplanted Acropora nasuta spawned 6 years after transplantation on to Marine Block. | Lessons reported: Marine Block can be used to settle corals on, | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Evaluation of Staghorn Coral (Acropora Cervicornis, Lamarck 1816) Production Techniques in an Ocean-Based Nursery with Consideration of Coral Genotype. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Testing growth and survival of different in situ nursery styles - block nurseries and tree Block nurseries: fragment on cement disk, disk onto PVC cap, cap onto PVC pipe, Pipe encased in concrete block. Tree nurseries: Fragments attached with monofilament line and aluminium crimps on tree suspended with floats and anchored to sandy bottom. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 1.25% | Post-restoration monitoring: 10 months | Authors' conclusion: Corals grew significantly faster on trees, but survived longer on blocks. Ultimately, almost all corals (bar three on block nurseries) died following a bleaching event | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Growth and survival of transplanted Acropora cervicornis in relation to coral reef restoration. Chapter 4: Effect of season and coral size on the survival of transplanted Acropora cervicornis | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Acropora | Method: 15 Artificially broken fragments (25-200mm) were transplanted to 3 sites from a parent colony four times per year (Acropora prolifera only one time in the Bahamas) corresponding to the seasons and monitored quarterly. Fragments were glued to PVC pipe (into a 2'' section of ½ '' PVC with Oately® epoxy putty) and attached to cement bricks adjacent to the reef they were collected. The weight, length, growth and mortality were measured quarterly. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 100% | Authors' conclusion: For A. cervicornis: Survival rate higher in Florida keys than in Bahamas site. Survival of smaller colonies lower than larger at most sites. For A. prolifera: survival rate 100% | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: A first endeavour in restoring denuded, post-bleached reefs in Tanzania | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: Bleaching | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora, Porites, Millepora | Method: 6912 and 7110 corals were transplanted onto reefs denuded from bleaching. In each site, 12 plots (36 m2 each) were set up, of which three were transplanted with a mix of three Acropora spp, three with a mix of six scleractinian species, and six served as controls within non-transplanted areas. Monitoring recorded bleached colonies, detached transplants, survival rates, size, fish surveys, and recruitment of selected invertebrates. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 57.975% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: After one year no significant difference was documented in ecological volumes between treatments, but there were large differences between species in the first treatment. Fish density and coral recruitment increased significantly. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Experimental Assessment of Coral Reef Rehabilitation Following Blast Fishing | Technique: Substrate Stabilisation | Disturbance addressed: Destructive fishing | Genera: n/a | Method: Small scale pilot experiment (1m2) of three rubble stabilisation techniques: 1)fishing net attached to rubble, 2) cement slabs pinned to rubble, 3) piles of rocks attached to rubble. Sites were not recruitment limited based on previous surveys. | Post-restoration monitoring: 36 months | Authors' conclusion: Rock piles had the highest recruitment and cover of hard corals after three years, followed by cement and netting, compared to control sites (no treatment). However, many sites (including rubble piles) were degraded over time, by water movement. | Lessons reported: Rock piles need to be stabilised to ensure longevity | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Intraspecific Variation in Phenotype among Nursery-Reared Staghorn Coral Acropora Cervicornis (Lamarck, 1816) | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Testing growth, survival and bleaching resistance between 10 different genotypes of A.cervicornis. 12 fragments per genotype (n=120 toal) grown in tree nurseries | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 48.3333% | Post-restoration monitoring: 13 months | Authors' conclusion: Differences in growth and bleaching susceptibility between genotypes | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Growth dynamics of the threatened Caribbean staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis: Influence of host genotype, symbiont identity, colony size, and environmental setting. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora | Method: Individual tracking of. 1700 nursery-grown staghorn fragments and colonies from 37 distinct genotypes in Florida and the Dominican Republic. Sites in Florida included two underwater nurseries and 5 reefs where nursery-grown corals were outplanted and monitored. The staghorn nursery and 9 outplant sites at the Dominican Republic (DR) are located at Punta Cana. | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Significant positive relationship between size and growth, but decreasing rate of productivity with increasing size. Fast-growing genotypes grew up to an order of magnitude faster than slow-growing genotypes. Algal symbiont identity showed that clade A was the dominant symbiont type for almost all coral genotypes. A. cervicornis is a successful candidate nursery species and provide optimism for the potential role that active propagation can play in the recovery of this keystone species. | Lessons reported: Pruning vigor (enhanced growth after fragmentation) was documented even in colonies that lost 95% of their coral tissue/skeleton, indicating that high productivity can be maintained within nurseries by sequentially fragmenting corals. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The culture, transplantation and storage of Montastraea faveolata, Acropora cervicornis and Acropora palmata: What we have learned so far. | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: ship grounding | Genera: Montipora, Acropora | Method: Experiment 3 tests outplanting without a nursery phase. M. faveolata cores on poles, and A cervicornis fragments were placed either in aquaria, on an in situ array, or directly on to the reef substrate. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 21.4286% | Authors' conclusion: Fragments in aquaria had issues with disease and suffered high mortality. Field fragment of both species did better, however a large hurricane dislodged and buried a large amount of the fragments, so survival and growth measurements were impossible after that. | Lessons reported: - Closed aquaria allows for monitoring and maintenance, however growth morphology is affected.This is also the most expensive method (both time/cost). Disease was an issue in this experiment, however the authors suggest using a quarantine tank to safeguard against introduced pathogens. - Open aquaria require less maintenance but require high water quality.Acroporids grew slower in these tanks com… | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Density-dependent effects on initial growth of a branching coral under restoration | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Coral fragments were transplanted onto flat areas of bare substratum in a range of densities, from 1 to 20, spaced 5cm apart, and growth rates were compared. | Post-restoration monitoring: 3 months | Authors' conclusion: Increasing density led to a reduction in average out-plant growth, probably due to competition for space. | Lessons reported: Suggest explicit consideration of out-plant spatial arrangement and density in coral reef restoration projects. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Acropora cervicornis genet performance and symbiont identity throughout the restoration process | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: 100 colonies of 5 different genets were outplanted in the Florida Keys. For each experimental colony, TLE was measured to the nearest mm at the beginning of the experiment and again at 93, 191 and 370 d post-outplant. Other measurements included the presence of disease, bleaching, breakage and partial or complete mortality. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 89% | Post-restoration monitoring: 12 months | Authors' conclusion: Survival to 1 yr post outplant was consistent with regional averages and did not differ significantly among A. cervicornis genets or between outplant sites. Outplant site and host genet had significant effects on coral growth. However, genet growth response did not depend on outplant site, providing no evidence for site-genet matching. Conversely, growth rates measured for each genet in the nursery were not predictive of performance following outplanting. Most colonies sampled were infected by one of five unique strains of S. ‘fitti’. Host-symbiont specificity varied among coral genets, but f… | Lessons reported: These results provide important information that could be applied to future population enhancement activities and generate additional questions regarding phenotypic plasticity and host-symbiont specificity in A. cervicornis throughout the restoration process. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Acropora | Method: After six to eight months growing in the nursery, corals are healthy and mature enough to be transplanted to a restoration site. These are reef sites that are degraded and damaged and would benefit from Staghorn and Elkhorn corals growing there. Corals are taken from the nursery and are transplanted to restoration sites (damaged reef areas) using a couple of different methods. Corals are tagged to keep track of the genetic information and to allow for short and long-term monitoring. | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: The culture, transplantation and storage of Montastraea faveolata, Acropora cervicornis and Acropora palmata: What we have learned so far. | Technique: Coral Gardening | Disturbance addressed: ship grounding | Genera: Montastrea | Method: Experiment 1 tested minimum viable size of fragments, and outplant orientation. Montastraea faveolata cores were mounted on pickets and reared in aquaria (1 year), before being out planted (1 & 2 years). | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 63.8889% | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: 100% survival in nurseries, 63% survival of out planted corals. No corals died in situ, but were lost from outplanting site.Orientation of out planted fragments did not affect growth or survival. There were significant year and site effects on growth. | Lessons reported: Cores grew tissue over epoxy, while cores with exposed skeletons remained exposed (ie the tissue did not cover the coral skeleton) allowing algae and boring invertebrates to colonise. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Experimental Assessment of Coral Reef Rehabilitation Following Blast Fishing. 19:98–107. | Technique: Substrate Stabilisation | Disturbance addressed: Destructive fishing | Genera: n/a | Method: Large scale experiment testing rock piles in four types of configuration, designed to limit encroachment by rubble: 1) complete coverage, 2) rock piles, 3) spur and groove parallel to current, 4) spur and groove perpendicular to current | Post-restoration monitoring: 72 months | Authors' conclusion: Coral cover, recruit size and fish abundance/diversity was higher on restored sites, compared to control sites. No clear data on different substrate enhancement types. High variability in success of various substrates stabilisation techniques between sites and stabilisation types. Success was highest at moderate current sites, compared to sites with high or low current. | Lessons reported: Some heavier corals stopped being supported by the rubble piles - stabilisation of piles may be needed to ensure longevity. Technique only relevant where access to quarried rocks is relatively easy and cheap. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Stabilization of fragments to enhance asexual recruitment in Acropora palmata, a threatened Caribbean coral | Technique: Transplantation | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora | Method: Collected coral fragments were grouped into 18 replicate experimental blocks of three with similar size and tissue coverage. The three fragments in each block were then haphazardly allocated to one of three treatments: cable tied to the substrate, epoxied to the substrate, and an unstabilized control. | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 99% | Post-restoration monitoring: 11 months | Authors' conclusion: Stabilized fragments lost less tissue cover and ranked higher in performance than the unstabilized control fragments. Stabilization using cable ties and epoxy were similarly effective. | Lessons reported: Stabilizing fragments will preserve live tissue and enhance growth of fragments and can thus improve the survivorship of fragments. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Coral reefs restoration and restoration experience in Pirotan Island, Marine National Park, Gulf of Kachchh, India | Technique: Transplantation | Genera: Favia, Porites, Favites, Goniastrea, Goniopora, Siderastrea, Acanthastrea, Turbinaria, Cyphastrea | Method: Tested the survival and attachment of massive corals fixed to cement structures | Survival of transplants reported by the source: 8.55% | Post-restoration monitoring: 4 months | Authors' conclusion: The cement triangles are a viable restoration option. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Underwater Museum | Technique: Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Disturbance addressed: yes | Genera: Mixed | Method: Install artistic pieces made of reef rock and local marble onto which corals are transplanted | Post-restoration monitoring: 24 months | Authors' conclusion: Quantitative outcomes : Transplanted corals: 270 Number of species: 20 | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Restoration technology using sexual reproduction. In: Omori M, Fujiwara S (eds) Manual for restoration and remediation of coral reefs. pp 14–28 | Technique: Coral Gardening | Genera: Acropora, Porites | Method: Egg/sperm bundles collected during spawning, using individuals 'tents' over coral colonies. Bundles from 3 or more colonies mixed in bucket to fertilise. Fertilised eggs also collected from slicks on the surface, the morning after spawning. Larvae reared in aquaria ex situ, or floating ponds 'in-situ'. The sides of ponds are sprayed with water to avoid larvae from sticking on them. Frozen chips of coralline algae and/or neuropeptide Hym 248 are added to the water to induce settlement in tanks. … | Authors' conclusion: n/a | Lessons reported: n/a | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Testing animal-assisted cleaning prior to transplantation in coral reef restoration. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Acropora, Pocillopora | Method: Testing animal-assisted cleaning on nursery corals prior to transplantation. Cleaning stations consisting of nursery ropes carrying corals and biofouling organisms, set at 0.3 m, 2 m, 4 m, 6 m and 8 m from the seabed, were placed at both the transplantation (treatment) site and the nursery (control) site. Remote GoPro video cameras recorded fish feeding at the nursery ropes without human disturbance. | Authors' conclusion: A reef fish assemblage of 32 species from 4 trophic levels (18.8% herbivores, 18.8% omnivores, 59.3% secondary consumers and 3.1% carnivores) consumed 95% of the barnacles on the coral nursery ropes placed 0.3 m above the seabed. Using this cleaning station, coral dislodgement was reduced from 16% to zero. | Lessons reported: This cleaning station technique could be included as a step prior to coral transplantation on the basis of location specific fish assemblages and during the early nursery phase of sexually produced juvenile corals. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Low-tech coral reef restoration methods modeled after natural fragmentation processes. | Technique: Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Genera: Acropora | Method: Factorial experiment testing the effect of fragment age (position within colony) on survival | Post-restoration monitoring: 7 months | Authors' conclusion: Younger fragments have higher mortality | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Engineering of coral reef larval supply through transplantation of nursery-farmed gravid colonies | Technique: Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Disturbance addressed: General degradation | Genera: Stylophora | Method: Nursery-farmed colonies of Stylophora pistillata were transplanted in three different years (November 2005, May 2007, and September 2008; T1-T3, respectively). Planula larvae were collected in situ from transplants and naturally growing, healthy colonies during the peaks of three reproductive seasons (2007, 2009 and 2010), along N4-year post transplantation. | Post-restoration monitoring: 48 months | Authors' conclusion: A higher percentage of nursery-farmed colonies (80–100% during the three reproductive seasons) released planula larvae than naturally-grown colonies (0%, 32% and 47% at 2007, 2009 and 2010 censuses). Gravid transplants also shed more planulae per colony, yielding significantly augmented numbers of total planulae over naturally developed S. pistillata colonies. | Lessons reported: Transplantation of farmed gravid corals, prior to their reproductive season, might surface as an efficient applied tool for reseeding degraded reefs. | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.

Published as: Transplantation of juvenile corals: a new approach for enhancing colonization of artificial reefs | Technique: Substrate addition - artificial reef, transplantation | Disturbance addressed: Pollution | Genera: Stylophora, Dendronephthya | Method: An artificial reef was constructed using a modular block deployed at a depth of 18m, a buoy 2-3m below the surface, and nine 50 x 50 x 3 cm PVC settlement plates attached vertically and horizontally between them. Coral planulae and fragments were transplanted onto the plates. Survivorship was monitored biweekly. | Post-restoration monitoring: 5 months | Authors' conclusion: The survivorship of the transplanted D. hemprichi colonies was significantly higher on the lower sides of shallower plates. Survivorship of S. pistillata colonies increased with depth when located on the vertical plates, or on the upper sides of the horizontal plates. The highest survivorship of this coral was on the vertical plates and on the upper sides of the horizontal plates, while very low survivorship was recorded on the lower sides. The results indicate that vertical artificial surfaces offer the optimal biotic and abiotic conditions (light intensity, sedimentation, colonisation by ot… | Lessons reported: Vertical artificial surfaces offer the optimal biotic and abiotic conditions (light intensity, sedimentation, colonisation by other organisms) for the survival of the two examined corals | This record was compiled from a published source and has not been confirmed by the organisation that carried out the work. No contribution to the condition index is recorded: the source reports survival of transplanted material, which is not a measure of ecosystem condition.